DETECTION OF HIDDEN

OBJECTS

SEMINAR BY : SHUJATH ALI KHAN M

ICE (245018)
 Types of Sensors

Inductive Sensors
 Inductive proximity sensors can only be used to detect
metallic objects. The sensor has its own electromagnetic
field which gets disrupted when a metal object comes
near it. This disruption indicates the presence of an
object. The object can be detected even if it is inside
another non-metallic substance. Though direct contact of
the object with the sensor is not required, these sensors
offer limited sensing ranges. These cost-effective sensors
come in different shapes and sizes and are widely used in
different automation applications.
Capacitive Sensors
 Capacitive sensors can detect objects that have a dielectric
constant that is different from air. Hence, these sensors can
detect objects made from a wide variety of materials such as
plastic, paper, wood, etc. They detect a change in the
electrostatic field when an object is in the sensing range.
The sensing range is quite limited. These sensors also
cannot measure the distance of the object from the sensor.
Ultrasonic Sensors
 Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to detect objects. The
working involves a short ultrasonic sound wave being
transmitted towards the target. The target reflects back the
wave which confirms the presence of the object. These
sensors can measure the distance of the object from the
sensor. Since the working involves sound waves, colour and
transparency of the objects have no impact on their
detection. The sensors are used widely in places where the
level of a liquid needs to be measured or monitored.
Photoelectric Sensors
 The basic working principle of a photoelectric sensor
involves transmitting a beam of light and detecting the
object based on the reflected light. The sensors are capable
of detecting different colours, luminescence, and contrast.
Photoelectric sensors that use laser beams are capable of
having sensing ranges of more than 50 metres. The
commonly used types of photoelectric sensing modes are
diffused mode, reflective mode, and through-beam.
 Inductive Sensor

 If the object to be detected is electrically conductive, e.g.,

made of metal, and can be detected from close proximity,
an inductive sensor is recommended.
 Inductive sensors function such that the sensor emits
a high-frequency magnetic alternating field. When a
metallic switching target approaches this magnetic field,
energy is extracted from the alternating field through eddy
current loss. In addition, ferromagnetic switching targets
cause remagnetization loss. These losses are evaluated and
the sensor switches when a defined threshold is reached.
 Typical applications include position monitoring of all
kinds, the monitoring of valve positions, and the
detection of belt travel speeds. The excellent versatility
of the physical sensing principle means that many different
types of design and sensor versions are available on the
market to suit specific operational conditions—such as
reduction factor 1 sensors, NAMUR sensors, metal face
sensors, and sensors with E1 type approval for use in
vehicles.
 Inductive Sensor Design

 Inductive sensors are noncontact. The sensors

detect metal objects located in their measurement field.
They use the interaction of the metal object as an electrical
conductor with the emitted magnetic alternating field of the
sensor to do so. In the electrical conductor, eddy
currents are induced, which extract energy from the field
and thus affect the level of oscillation amplitude.
 The core of the inductive sensor is a coil, usually with a ferrite
core, which allows the magnetic field to escape in a specific
direction. The oscillator located behind it in the sensor uses an
LC resonant circuit to generate a magnetic alternating field,
which escapes from the sensing face of the sensor. Eddy currents
are induced in the metal object located in the measurement field.
These extract energy from the oscillator. The signal level in the
oscillator changes. The change in signal level then switches the
output stage in binary sensors via a Schmitt trigger. In
measuring sensors, this change in signal level affects the analog
output signal depending on the object distance.
 Capacitive Sensors

 The use of a capacitive sensor is recommended if the object

being detected is made from plastic, mineral, glass,
wood, or paper, or is an oily or aqueous liquid, or a
granulate or a powder, and the required detection
distance is within a range of a few millimeters.
 Capacitive sensors detect both metallic and non-
metallic target objects. Operating distances from 1
mm ... 50 mm can be realized depending on the size and
material properties of the target object, the sensor size, and
the installation conditions.
 The sensor type also offers a "transparent function" for
detecting aqueous media or granules. In this case, the
sensor responds to the content of a thin-walled and
electrically nonconductive container made from material
such as glass and plastic. This function is enabled by adding
together the capacitive influences of the container wall and
filling medium. The use of the capacitive sensor as a
viewing aid allows noncontact flow and level monitoring of
liquid media and bulk materials.
 Special technical features of capacitive sensors:
 Detecting electrically conductive and insulating materials:
ferrous metals, nonferrous metals, glass, wood, plastics, oil,
water, and aqueous solutions
 Adjustable operating distance depending on object and
installation characteristics
 "Transparent function" for use on thin, nonconductive
container walls
 Typical applications include:
 Presence monitoring of paper, wood, glass, or plastic materials
 Level control of liquid media and bulk materials (water,
wastewater, pellets, tablets, granules, toner)
 Flow monitoring on plastic pipes and tubes
 Capacitive Sensor Design

 Capacitive sensors are noncontact. The sensors detect

objects located in their measurement field using the
interaction of the object with the external electrical
alternating field generated by the sensor.
 The heart of the capacitive sensor is an electrode that
generates an electrical alternating field that exits at the
sensing face. The solid object or a liquid substance in the
measurement field influences the electrical potential of
the alternating field, or causes the capacitance to increase.
This change is reported to the oscillator. The signal level in
the oscillator changes. This change in the signal level is
measured, compared with the internally defined threshold,
and switches the output stage for binary sensors via
a Schmitt trigger.
 Ultrasonic Sensor

 An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the

distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves.
 An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive
ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an
object’s proximity.
 High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to
produce distinct echo patterns.
 Working

 Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a

frequency above the range of human hearing. The transducer
of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the
ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others,
use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the
echo. The sensor determines the distance to a target by
measuring time lapses between the sending and receiving of
the ultrasonic pulse.
 The working principle of this module is simple. It sends an
ultrasonic pulse out at 40kHz which travels through the air
and if there is an obstacle or object, it will bounce back to the
sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of sound,
the distance can be calculated.
 Ultrasonic sensors are a great solution for the detection of
clear objects. For liquid level measurement, applications that
use infrared sensors, for instance, struggle with this
particular use case because of target translucence.
 For presence detection, ultrasonic sensors detect objects
regardless of the color, surface, or material (unless the
material is very soft like wool, as it would absorb sound.)
 To detect transparent and other items where optical
technologies may fail, ultrasonic sensors are a reliable choice.
 Photoelectric Sensor

 A photoelectric sensor emits light from the transmitter,

which consists of a light-emitting element. A receiver at the
other end will detect this light beam.
 When this emitted light is cut by any object in between, the
light beam intensity received at the receiver changes. The
light intensity is continuously processed and converted into
an electrical output.
 As the intensity changes, the electric output changes. This
electrical output is then fed to any circuit and shows
whether any object has passed between the light or not.
This is the concept of a photoelectric sensor.
 Types

 In this sensor, the light travels to a receiving element and

this element then immediately generates an electrical
output. This means the transmitter and receiver will be at
different ends.
 When there is an object in between, the sensor will give a
different output; and when there is no object in between,
the sensor will give a different output.
 The output can be NO or NC, and PNP or NPN.
 In this sensor, the light travels to a receiving element
(which is a retro reflector) and travels back to the
transmitter.
 This means the transmitter and receiver will be both at the
same end. In between, when an object comes, this element
then immediately generates an electrical output.
 When there is an object in between, the sensor will give a
different output; and when there is no object in between,
the sensor will give a different output. The output can be
NO or NC, and PNP or NPN.
 In this sensor, the light travels to an object and reflects back
to the receiver at the sensor end. This means the
transmitter and receiver will be both at the same end.
 When there is an object sensed, the sensor will give a
different output; and when there is no object sensed, the
sensor will give a different output. The output can be NO or
NC, and PNP or NPN.
 Features Of Photoelectric Sensors

 Long sensing distance (can go even till 10m.)

 No sensing object restrictions (can detect any object,
including glass, plastic, wood, or liquid).
 Fast response time.
 High resolution.
 Long life of sensors (because there is no contact with the
object, which prevents chances of physical damage).
 Easy adjustment.
 It is not affected by object color, gloss, or inclination.
 Simple wiring and optical axis adjustment.