What is sampling?

A sampling is a subset of individuals from a larger number of

populations.
SAMPLING mean selecting the group that you will actually collect
data from in your research .For Example, if you are researching the
opinion of students in your university, you could survey a sample of
100 students.
“Sampling is the process in research .it select units (e.g. people,
organization) from a population of interest.” By studying the sample
we may fairly generalize our result back to population from which
they were chosen. To know sampling, first we will have to know the
population in research.
Steps of sampling
There are five steps of sampling
1) Identify the population
2) Specify the sampling frame
3) Specify the sampling method
4) Determine the sample size
5) Implement the plan
Sampling frame
A sampling frame is the source material or device from
which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a
population who can be sampled, and may include
individuals, households or institutions.
Sample size
The number of individuals in your sample depends on the size of the population,
and on how precisely you want the result represent the population as a whole. If
there are more individual or items in your sample its means sample size is large
.In other words the individuals and items determine the size of sample.
Main elements of sampling:
Following elements are the elements of sampling
 A sample is representative of all the characters of
universe.
 All unit of sample must be independent of each other.
 The number of the items of the sample should be
fairly adequate.
Sampling Techniques:
A sampling technique is identification of the specific
process by which the entities of the sample have been
selected.
Sample in research is of two types.

1. Probability sampling
2. Non-probability sampling
1. Probability sampling: how likely an event is to occur.
Probability sampling is a sampling techniques in which researcher choose sample from a large
population using a method based on the theory of the probability. This sampling method
considers every member of population and form the sample based on the fixed process
a) Simple random sampling
b) Cluster sampling
c) System sampling
d) Stratified random sampling
e) Multi-stage random sampling
A) Simple random sampling:
In this case each individual is chosen entirely by chance and ach member of the population has
an equal chance, or probability of being selected. In other words in a simple random sample,
every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame
should include the whole population For example we select 10 students out of the 100
randomly to participate in proficiency test without any discrimination. It is called sample
random sampling.
B) Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup
should have similar characteristics to the whole sample .Instead sampling individuals from each
subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups.
This method is good for dealing with large and dispersed population, but there is more risk of
error in the sampling as there could be substantial difference between clusters.
Example,
There are 100punjab groups of college in the country .All have the same number of
teaching staff and same number of students. You don’t have the capacity to travel the every
college to collect your data, so you use random sampling to select 10 colleges .So these are
your customers.
E) Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling but it is usually slightly easier it
conduct .Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly
generating numbers, individuals are chosen.
For Example, A researcher intends to collect a systematic sample of 500 people in population of
500.He will collect samples after quitting 99 persons and will select 100th individuals as a
sample in a systematic way.
F) Stratified Sampling
This sampling method is appropriate when the population has mixed characteristics and you
want to ensure that every characteristic is proportionally represent the sample.
You divide the population into subgroup called strata based on the relevant
characteristics (e.g. gender, age, job role
Example ,A change company has 500 female employees and 200 male employees .You want to
ensure that the sample reflect the gender balance of the company ,so you sort the population
into two strata based on gender. Then you use random sampling on each group, selecting 80
women 20 men which give you a representative sample of 100 people.
G) Multi-stage random sampling
Multistage sampling divides large populations into stages to make the sampling process more practical.
Multi –stage random sampling is mean to select a sample covering a large and dispersed
population without having to contact people is scattered locations. This is important from a
resources point of view of,
For Example, A national sample is being select for interview.
2. Non-Probability sampling
In non-probability sampling, the researcher chooses members of research at random.
This sampling method is not a fixed or predefined selection process .This makes it difficult for
element of a population to have equals opportunities to be included in a sample.
Non-Probability Sampling is used for
o Creating a hypothesis
o For Exploratory research
o For Budget and time constant
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
A) Convenience Sampling
B) Purposive or judgmental Sampling
C) Snowballs Sampling
D) Quota Sampling
A) Convenience Sampling
It is termed as convince sampling, between of researchers ease carrying it out and getting in touch with the subjects.
Researchers have nearly no authority to select the sample elements and its purely done based no proximately and no
representativeness. Such as surveying customers at a mall or passersby on a busy street .It is usually they do that by
standing at the
B) Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
In purposive sampling the researcher the purely consider the purpose of the study, along with the understanding of the
target audience.
For Instance, when researchers want to understand the thought process of people interested in studying for their
master’s degree. The selection criteria will be: Are you interested in doing your masters in politics and those who
respond with a “NO” are excluded from the sample.
C) Snowballs Sampling
In it researchers apply when the subjects are difficult to trace. For Example It will be extremely challenging to survey
shutterless people or illegal immigrants’ .In such cases, using the snowballs theory researchers can track a few
categories to interview and derive results. Researchers also implement this sampling method in situation where the
topic is highly sensitive and not openly discussed.
For Example, survey to gather information about HIV Aids. Not many victims will readily respond to the questions.
Still researcher can contact people they might know or volunteers associated with the cause to get in touch with the victims
and collect information.
D) Quota Sampling
In Quota sampling, the selection of members is based on a pre-set
standard .In this case, as a sample is formed, based on specific
attributes, the created sample will have the some the same
qualities found in the total population. It is easy way of sampling.
Quota sampling is one where the population is divided into sub-groups
e.g. social classes and the interviewers have to find a quota of people
from each sub-groups so that the sub-groups are the some proportion
in the sample as they are in the population.
In short, sampling in research is a very because it enables you to
collect and analyze data for a smaller portion of the population and it
permits you to draw conclusion about very complex situation.
Thank You For Watching.
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