Transmission System

Planning
Lecture No. 1
 Introduction
 The purpose of a transmission lines is to transfer electric energy from generating
units to the distribution system.
 Transmission lines exhibit electrical properties of
 Inductance and capacitance: effects of magnetic and electric fields around
conductor
 Resistance
 Conductance: due to leakage current across insulators
 A transmission circuit consists of conductors, insulators, and shield wires.
 Transmission lines are hung overhead.
 Steel tower may be single-circuit or double-circuit design.

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Overhead transmission lines

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Electrical Power System

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Bulk Power Transmission
• Bulk power transmission is made of a high-voltage network, generally 138-765 kV alternating current,
designed to interconnect power plants and electrical utility systems and to transmit power from the plants to
major load centers.
Aging Transmission System
• Growing Demand of
Electricity worldwide
increased with high rate.
• New IEA report sees 5%
rise in electricity demand in
2021 with almost half the
increase met by fossil fuels,
notably coal, threatening to
push CO2 emissions from
the power sector to record
levels in 2022
Benefits of Transmission
• Hedge against generation outages
• Efficient Bulk power markets
• Operational Flexibility
• Hedge against Fuel price changes
• Low-cost access to renewable energy
Power Pools
• Several utilities has formed that incorporate a central dispatch office.
• Power pool is administered by central location
• The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) is a regional utility
grouping that was created by SADC member states with the primary
aim of providing reliable and economical electricity supply to the
consumers of each of the SAPP member and also as a
regional platform for trading electricity amongst themselves.
Transmission system Planning technique
• Transmission system planning is to determine the timing and type of new transmission facilities required in
order to provide adequate transmission network capability to cope with the future generating capacity
additions and load-flow requirements.
• The key objective is to minimize the long-range capital and operating costs involved in providing an adequate
level of system reliability, with due consideration of environmental and other relevant issues.
• The main objective is to identify the potential problems, in terms of unacceptable voltage conditions,
overloading of facilities, decreasing reliability, or any failure of the transmission system to meet performance
criteria.
• The load-flow programs now in use by the utilities allow the calculation of currents, voltages, and real and
reactive power flows, taking into account the voltage-regulating capability of generators, transformers,
synchronous condensers, specified generation schedules, as well as net interchange among interconnected
systems automatically.
System Behavior Under Fault condition
• After determining the best system configuration from load-flow studies, the planner studies the system
behavior under fault conditions.
• The main objectives of short-circuit studies can be expressed as
• To determine the current-interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker so that the faulted
equipment can be disconnected successfully, therefore clearing the fault from the system, and
• To establish the relay requirements and settings to detect the fault and cause the circuit
breaker to operate when the current flowing through it exceeds the maximum allowable
current.
• The short-circuit studies can also be used to
• Calculate voltages during faulted conditions that affect insulation coordination and lightning
arrester applications;
• Design the grounding systems,
• Determine the electromechanical forces affecting the facilities of the system.
 Stability Test
• stability analysis is defined as the transient behavior of the power system following a disturbance

• Transient Stability
The transient stability is defined as the ability of the system to maintain synchronous operation
following a disturbance, usually a fault condition.
The generator may go out of synchronism
• Steady State Stability
Long term fluctuations in system frequency and power transfer resulting in blackout.
MODELS USED IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING

• These tools can be used for design and planning activities, such as
• Transmission route identification and selection,
• Transmission network expansion planning,
• Network analysis,
• Reliability analysis.
TRANSMISSION ROUTE IDENTIFICATION
AND SELECTION
Two computer programs, Power and Transthetics, have
been developed to aid the planner in transmission route
identification and selection
• The Power computer program can be used to locate
not only transmission line corridors but also other
types of corridors.
• Whereas the transthetics computer program is
specifically designed for electrical utilities for the
purpose of identifying and selecting potential
transmission line corridors and purchasing the
necessary rights of way.
Transmission System Expansion Planning
Utilities also employ the use of so-called automatic expansion models to
determine the optimum system. Here, the optimality claim is in the
mathematical sense; that is, the optimum system is the one that
minimizes an objective function (performance function) subject to
restrictions. In general, the automatic expansion models can be
classified into three basic groups:
1. Heuristic models.
2. Single-stage optimization models.
3. Time-phased optimization models.
Heuristic Model
• According to Meckiff, the characteristics I of the heuristic models are
1) simple model and logic,
2) user interaction, and
3) families of feasible, near optimal plans.
• The heuristic models can be considered to be custom-made, contrary to mathematical models.
• Some help to simulate the way a system planner employs analytical tools such as load-flow programs [5,6] and
reliability analysis [6] involving simulations of the planning process through automated design logic.
• The classical paper by Garver [7] describes a method that unites heuristic logic for circuit selection with optimization
techniques.
• The proposed method is to determine the most direct route transmission network from the generation to load without
causing any circuit overloads. In heuristic approach, the best circuit addition or exchange is given to the planner by
the computer program automatically at each stage of the synthesis process. The planner may select to accept it or
modify it as he desires. Further information on heuristic models is given in Baldwin et al. [8-11].
Single-Stage Optimization Models

• The single-stage or single-state (or so-called static)

• where Z is the value to be optimized. In expansion studies, Z is the total cost that is to be minimized.)
The xt represents n unknown quantities, and the ct are the costs associated with one unit of xt
• Linear programming and linear flow estimation models can be used in the formulation of an automated
transmission-system-planning algorithm.
• The objective function is the sum of the circuit lengths (guide numbers) times the magnitude of power
that they transport.
• The power flows are calculated employing a linear loss function network model that is similar to a
transportation model.
Gradient Search Method
• The gradient search method is a nonlinear mathematical programming
applicable to so-called automated transmission system planning.
• Here, the objective function that is to be minimized is a performance index of the given transmission
network.
• The method starts with a dc load-flow solution for the initial transmission network and future load and
generation forecasts.
• The system performance index is calculated and the necessary circuit modifications are made employing the
partial derivatives of the performance index with respect to circuit admittances.
• Again, a dc load-flow solution is obtained, and the procedure is repeated as many times as necessary until a
network state is achieved for which no further decrease in the performance index can be obtained.
Time-Phased Optimization Models

• A time-phased (trough-time, or multistate, or so-called dynamic) optimization model can include inflation,
interest rates, as well as yearly operating cost in the comparison of various network expansion plans.
• The objective function in terms of present worth of a cost function is minimized in order to determine the
capacity, location, and timing of new facilities subject to defined constraints
 System Approach
• The systems approach to the design of a useful
tool for the designer begins by examining the
types of information required and its sources.
• The view taken is that this information
generates decisions and additional information
that pass from one stage of the design process
to another.
• At certain points, it is noted that the human
engineer must evaluate the information
generated and add his inputs. Finally, the results
must be displayed for use and stored for later
reference.
Database Concept