Chapter One WWT
Chapter One WWT
Chapter One WWT
Water available in various sources may contain various types of impurities and cannot
be directly used by the public for various purposes, before removing the impurities.
The process of removing the impurities from water is called waste water treatment and
The main objective of the treatment process is to remove the impurities of raw
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(iii) Protecting the distribution System
Corrosion of the system can be reduced by adding chemicals( like,
phosphates, amines, chromates and silicate compounds).
Corrosion reduces the life of the pipes, reduces their carrying
capacity, and forms deposits which may color the water.
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Chapter two
2) Characteristics of Wastewater
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Effects of odors
At low concentrations, psychological stress
Offensive odors can cause:
Poor appetite for food
Lowered water consumption
Impaired respiration
Nausea & vomiting
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Color
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Table 2.1 provides wastewater color information.
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Temperature
The temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than that of
the water supply because of the addition of warm water from
households and industrial activities. Depending on the
geographic location, the mean annual temperature of wastewater
varies from 10 to 21.1 oc.
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The temperature of water is a very important
parameter because of its effect on:-
Chemical reaction & reaction rates
Aquatic life
Suitability of water for beneficial uses
Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water. When significantly large
quantities of heated water are discharged to natural receiving water following effects
can result.
High rate of mortality of aquatic life
Faster growth of undesirable water plants and wastewater fungus.
Optimum temperatures for bacterial activity are in the range from about 25 oC t0 35 c
o
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B) Chemical Characteristics
The term pH is used to describe the acid or base properties of
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A pH value less than 7 in the wastewater plant influent may
indicate septic conditions of wastewater. The pH values less than
5 and more than 10 usually indicate that industrial wastes exist
and are not compatible with biological wastewater operations.
Pretreatment of these wastes at the source is usually required
since extreme pH values may damage biological treatment units.
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Organic matter
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Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross
amounts of organic matter (greater than 1mg/L) in wastewater
include:-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen consumed during microbial utilization of
organic is called Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The most
widely used parameter of organic pollution applied to both
wastewater and surface water is the 5-day BOD (BOD5). This
determination involves the measurement of dissolved oxygen
used by micro-organisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic
matter.
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BOD test results are used:
To determine the approximate quantity of oxygen that will be
required to biologically stabilize the organic matter present
To determine the size of wastewater treatment facilities
To measure the efficiency of some treatment facilities
To determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits
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The incubation period is usually 5 days at 20oc
The BOD of a diluted sample is calculated by:
BOD = DOi-DOf
P
Where DO and DO are the initial and final dissolved oxygen
i f
concentrations (mg/L) and P is the decimal fraction of the sample
in the 300mL bottle
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Example:
In a BOD determination, 10mL of wastewater are mixed with 290mL of
diluting water containing 9mg/L of dissolve oxygen. After 5-day incubation
at 20oc, the dissolved oxygen content of the mixture is 4.4mg/L. Calculate
the BOD of the mixture. (Assume initial dissolved O2 of wastewater =0)
Solution:
Given Data: Sample volume (Vs) =10mL
Volume of diluting water (Vd) = 290mL
DOi =9mg/L, and DO5 =4.4 mg/L
Required BOD5 =BODf
Total volume of mixture (Vt) =Vs+Vd =10+290=300mL
Fraction of the sample from the total mixture volume ,P= Vs/Vt =10/300
=0.033
Oxygen used in five days (BOD5) = (DOi-DO5)/P = (9-4.4)/0.033
=139.4mg/L
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The BOD5 only represents the oxygen consumed in 5 days. The
total BOD, or BOD for any other time, can be determined
provided additional information is known. The rate at which
organics are utilized by micro-organisms is assumed to be a first
order reaction; that is the rate at which organics are utilized is
proportional to the amount available.
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Where:- Lt is the oxygen equivalent of the organics at time t, and
k is a reaction constant. The units of Lt are mg/L and the units of
k are d-1. The above equation can be rearranged and integrated
as follows.
Lt=Loe-k t
1
t: time, d
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but L0=Lt +Yt
Y=Lo(1-e-k1t)
Where , Yt: BOD exerted at that time
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Fig 1.2 formation of the first-stage BOD curve
=Yt
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The value of k for any given organic compound is temperature dependent. Because micro-organisms are more
active at higher temperatures, the value of k increases with increasing temperature. The Van’t Hoff-Arhenius
Kt =K20θT-20oc
Where : Kt= reaction rate at T , oC
K20 =Reaction rate at ,20oC
θ =Temperature activity coefficient
T =temperature, oC
A value of 1.047 for θ is often used although θ is known to vary somewhat with temperature ranges.
Some typical values of θ commonly used biological processes are presented on table
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Example:
What will be the BOD20 be if the test were run at 15 oC. ? (Take
k=0.23/day)
Solution:
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Calculate the k value for 15 oC.
Y20=220(1-e-0.18x20) =214mg/L
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Drinking water quality standards
The treatment process should be designed such that, they should
treat the water up to the desired standard for which it is to be
used. A safe and potable drinking water should conform to the
following water quality characteristics
1) Free from disease causing microorganisms
2) Containing no compounds that have an adverse effect acute or
in long term on human health.
3) Fairly clear (i.e. low turbidity, little color )
4) No saline
5) Containing no compound that cause offensive taste or smell
6) No causing corrosion or encrustation of the water supply
system, nor staining clothes washing on it.
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Table 2.2: Standard for drinking water quality
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Typical wastewater treatment flow sheet
Screening
Second
Primary ary
clarifier Aeration basin clarifie
r
disinfection
Grit
removal
Primary
sludge
Rerun activated
sludge
Sludge to
thickenin dewatering
Anaerobic
g digestion
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