Chapter One WWT

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Chapter one

1) Introduction to waste water treatment

1.1 General about Wastewater Treatment

Water available in various sources may contain various types of impurities and cannot

be directly used by the public for various purposes, before removing the impurities.

The process of removing the impurities from water is called waste water treatment and

the treated water is called wholesome water.


1.2 Objectives of Wastewater Treatment

The main objective of the treatment process is to remove the impurities of raw

water and bring the quality of water to the required standard.

The objective may be summarized as follow:-


(i) Preventing Disease Transmission

Organisms that cause disease must be removed or inactivated to

make the water safe. Such organisms are small animals

(invertebrates) and their eggs (ova), protozoa and their cysts,

bacteria which may form spores, and viruses. 2


(ii) Making the Water Acceptable
If the consumers regard the water as unsatisfactory they may use
an alternative source which is hazardous. The taste, appearance
and suitability for washing clothes shall all be considered.

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(iii) Protecting the distribution System
Corrosion of the system can be reduced by adding chemicals( like,
phosphates, amines, chromates and silicate compounds).
Corrosion reduces the life of the pipes, reduces their carrying
capacity, and forms deposits which may color the water.

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Chapter two
2) Characteristics of Wastewater

Wastewater is characterized in terms of its physical, chemical and


biological composition.
A) Physical Characteristics

The physical characteristics of wastewater include those items that


can be detected using the physical senses. The most important
physical characteristic of wastewater is its total solid content (TS),
which is composed of floating matter, colloidal matter, settle able
matter and matter in solution. Other Physical characteristics include
odor, temperature, density, color & turbidity. 5
Odors

Odors in domestic wastewater usually are caused by gases


produced by the decomposition of organic matter or by
substances added to the wastewater. The most characteristic
odor of septic wastewater is that of hydrogen sulphide,produced
by anaerobic micro-organisms that reduce sulfur to sulfide.

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Effects of odors
At low concentrations, psychological stress
Offensive odors can cause:
 Poor appetite for food
 Lowered water consumption
 Impaired respiration
 Nausea & vomiting

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Color

 The color of wastewater containing dissolved oxygen (DO) is


normally gray. Black-colored wastewater usually accompanied by
foul (stinking) odors, containing little or no DO, is said to be
septic (infected).

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Table 2.1 provides wastewater color information.

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Temperature
The temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than that of
the water supply because of the addition of warm water from
households and industrial activities. Depending on the
geographic location, the mean annual temperature of wastewater
varies from 10 to 21.1 oc.

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The temperature of water is a very important
parameter because of its effect on:-
 Chemical reaction & reaction rates
 Aquatic life
 Suitability of water for beneficial uses
 Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water. When significantly large
quantities of heated water are discharged to natural receiving water following effects
can result.
 High rate of mortality of aquatic life
 Faster growth of undesirable water plants and wastewater fungus.


Optimum temperatures for bacterial activity are in the range from about 25 oC t0 35 c
o

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B) Chemical Characteristics
 The term pH is used to describe the acid or base properties of

water solutions. A scale from 0 to 14 has been established where


pH value of 7 is neutral. A pH value less than 7 is acidic. A pH
value above 7 is alkaline or basic.

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 A pH value less than 7 in the wastewater plant influent may
indicate septic conditions of wastewater. The pH values less than
5 and more than 10 usually indicate that industrial wastes exist
and are not compatible with biological wastewater operations.
Pretreatment of these wastes at the source is usually required
since extreme pH values may damage biological treatment units.

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Organic matter

 Organic compounds are normally composed of a combination of carbon,


hydrogen and oxygen together with nitrogen in some cases. Other important
elements such as sulfur, phosphorus and iron may be present. In a
wastewater of medium strength, about 75% of the suspended solids & 40% of
the filterable solids are organic in nature. The principal groups of organic
substances found in wastewater are proteins (40-60%), carbohydrates (25-
50%), and fats &oils (10%). Urea, the chief constituent of urine, is another
important organic compound contributing to wastewater.

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Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross
amounts of organic matter (greater than 1mg/L) in wastewater
include:-
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The amount of oxygen consumed during microbial utilization of
organic is called Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The most
widely used parameter of organic pollution applied to both
wastewater and surface water is the 5-day BOD (BOD5). This
determination involves the measurement of dissolved oxygen
used by micro-organisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic
matter.

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BOD test results are used:
 To determine the approximate quantity of oxygen that will be
required to biologically stabilize the organic matter present
 To determine the size of wastewater treatment facilities
 To measure the efficiency of some treatment facilities
 To determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits

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The incubation period is usually 5 days at 20oc
 The BOD of a diluted sample is calculated by:

BOD = DOi-DOf
P
 Where DO and DO are the initial and final dissolved oxygen
i f
concentrations (mg/L) and P is the decimal fraction of the sample
in the 300mL bottle

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Example:
In a BOD determination, 10mL of wastewater are mixed with 290mL of
diluting water containing 9mg/L of dissolve oxygen. After 5-day incubation
at 20oc, the dissolved oxygen content of the mixture is 4.4mg/L. Calculate
the BOD of the mixture. (Assume initial dissolved O2 of wastewater =0)
Solution:
Given Data: Sample volume (Vs) =10mL
Volume of diluting water (Vd) = 290mL
DOi =9mg/L, and DO5 =4.4 mg/L
Required BOD5 =BODf
Total volume of mixture (Vt) =Vs+Vd =10+290=300mL
Fraction of the sample from the total mixture volume ,P= Vs/Vt =10/300
=0.033
Oxygen used in five days (BOD5) = (DOi-DO5)/P = (9-4.4)/0.033
=139.4mg/L
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 The BOD5 only represents the oxygen consumed in 5 days. The
total BOD, or BOD for any other time, can be determined
provided additional information is known. The rate at which
organics are utilized by micro-organisms is assumed to be a first
order reaction; that is the rate at which organics are utilized is
proportional to the amount available.

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 Where:- Lt is the oxygen equivalent of the organics at time t, and
k is a reaction constant. The units of Lt are mg/L and the units of
k are d-1. The above equation can be rearranged and integrated
as follows.
Lt=Loe-k t
1

Where, Lt : BOD , remaining at any time, (mg/L)


LO: ultimate BOD, (mg/L)
K1: 1st
order reaction rate constant (/d)

t: time, d

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 but L0=Lt +Yt
 Y=Lo(1-e-k1t)
 Where , Yt: BOD exerted at that time

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Fig 1.2 formation of the first-stage BOD curve

=Yt

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The value of k for any given organic compound is temperature dependent. Because micro-organisms are more

active at higher temperatures, the value of k increases with increasing temperature. The Van’t Hoff-Arhenius

Model can approximate the change in k:

Kt =K20θT-20oc
Where : Kt= reaction rate at T , oC
K20 =Reaction rate at ,20oC
θ =Temperature activity coefficient
T =temperature, oC
A value of 1.047 for θ is often used although θ is known to vary somewhat with temperature ranges.
Some typical values of θ commonly used biological processes are presented on table

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Example:

The BOD5 of a wastewater is determined to be 150mg/L at 20 oC.

What will be the BOD20 be if the test were run at 15 oC. ? (Take

k=0.23/day)

Solution:

Determine the ultimate BOD.

Yo=y5 /(1-e-kt) =150/(1-e-0.23x5)=220mg/L

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Calculate the k value for 15 oC.

Kt=K20θT-20 =0.23(1.047(15-20)) =0.18

Calculate ,y20 : Yt=Yo(1-e-kt),

Y20=220(1-e-0.18x20) =214mg/L

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Drinking water quality standards
The treatment process should be designed such that, they should
treat the water up to the desired standard for which it is to be
used. A safe and potable drinking water should conform to the
following water quality characteristics
1) Free from disease causing microorganisms
2) Containing no compounds that have an adverse effect acute or
in long term on human health.
3) Fairly clear (i.e. low turbidity, little color )
4) No saline
5) Containing no compound that cause offensive taste or smell
6) No causing corrosion or encrustation of the water supply
system, nor staining clothes washing on it.
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Table 2.2: Standard for drinking water quality

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Typical wastewater treatment flow sheet

Screening

Second
Primary ary
clarifier Aeration basin clarifie
r
disinfection
Grit
removal
Primary
sludge
Rerun activated
sludge
Sludge to
thickenin dewatering
Anaerobic
g digestion

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