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ch3 Slide WWT

Preliminary and primary wastewater treatment methods are used to remove solids and reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Preliminary treatment uses screens to remove floatables and grit chambers to remove sand and grit. It reduces BOD by 15-30%. Primary treatment uses sedimentation tanks to separate and remove settleable solids, further reducing BOD by about 60% of the original amount. The liquid effluent still contains suspended organic material. Primary sludge is often stabilized through anaerobic digestion or incineration.

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26 views23 pages

ch3 Slide WWT

Preliminary and primary wastewater treatment methods are used to remove solids and reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Preliminary treatment uses screens to remove floatables and grit chambers to remove sand and grit. It reduces BOD by 15-30%. Primary treatment uses sedimentation tanks to separate and remove settleable solids, further reducing BOD by about 60% of the original amount. The liquid effluent still contains suspended organic material. Primary sludge is often stabilized through anaerobic digestion or incineration.

Uploaded by

sintayehu sirahbizu
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3

3. PRELIMINARY AND PRIMARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

3.1 Preliminary Treatment

Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating materials (like dead
animals, tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood, etc.), and also the heavy settle
able inorganic solids. It also helps in removing the oils and greases, etc. from the
sewage. This treatment reduces the BOD of the wastewater, by about 15 to 30%. The
processes used are:
✓ Screening for removing floating papers, rags, clothes, etc
✓ Grit chambers or Detritus tanks for removing grit and sand; and
✓ Skimming tanks for removing oils and greases
3.1.1 Screening
Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage
treatment plant, and consists of passing the sewage through
different types of screens, so as to trap and remove the floating
matter, such as pieces of cloth, paper, wood, cork, hair, fiber,
kitchen refuse, fecal solids, etc. present in sewage. These
floating materials, if not removed, will choke the pipes, or
adversely affect the working of the sewage pumps.
Thus, the main idea of providing screens is to protect the
pumps and other equipments from the possible damages
due to the floating matter of the sewage. Screens should
preferably be placed before the grit chambers (described
in the next article). However, if the quality of 'grit' is not of
much importance, screens may even be placed after the
grit chambers. They may sometimes be accommodated in
the body of the grit chambers themselves.
1) Types of Screens, their Designs and Cleaning

Depending upon the size of the openings, screens may be classified as


coarse screens, medium screens, and fine screens.

I) Coarse screens:-

Are also known as Racks, and the spacing between the bars (i.e. opening size) is about

50 mm or more. These screens do help in removing large floating objects from sewage.

They will collect about 6 liters of solids per million liter of sewage. The material

separated by coarse screens, usually consists of rags, wood, paper, etc., which will not

putrefy (decay), and may be disposed of by incineration, burial, or dumping.


II) In medium screens:-

The spacing between bars is about 6 to 40 mm. These screens will ordinarily collect 30 to 90

liters of material per million liter of sewage.

The screenings usually contain some quantity of organic material, which may putrefy and

become offensive, and must, therefore, be disposed of by incineration, or burial (not by

dumping).

Rectangular shaped course and medium screens are now-a-days widely used at sewage

treatment plants. They are made of steel bars, fixed parallel to one another at desired

spacing on a rectangular steel frame, and are called bar screens. The screens are set in a

masonry or R.C.C. chamber, called the screen chamber.


Now-a-days, these screens are generally kept inclined at
about 30 to 60° to the direction of flow, so as to increase
the opening area and to reduce the flow velocity; and
thus making the screening more effective. While
designing the screens, clear openings should have
sufficient total area, so that the velocity through them is
not more than 0.8 to 1m/sec.
Figure 3-1 Fixed bar type coarse or medium screen
Movable screens are stationary during their operating
periods. But they can be lifted up bodily And removed
from their positions for the purpose of cleaning.
Acommon movable bar medium screen is a 3-sided cage
with a bottom of perforated plates. It is mainly used in
deep pits ahead of pumps.
iii) Fine Screens :- have perforations of 1.5 mm to 3 mm in size.

The installation of these screens proves very effective, and they


remove as much as 20% of the suspended solids from sewage.
These screens, however, get clogged very often, and need
frequent cleaning. They are, therefore, used only for treating the
industrial wastewaters, or for treating those municipal
wastewaters, which are associated with heavy amounts of
industrial wastewaters. These screens will considerably reduce
the load on further treatment units.
Generally, the preliminary and primary waste water

treatment process are shown in the following flow chart. It


is in more simplified form
Fig. Flow chart of waste water treatment process
Head Loss Through Bar Screen

Where
c=empirical discharge coefficient to account for turbulence
and eddy motion. (c=0.7 for clean bar and 0.6 for clogged
bar screen)
V2=velocity of flow through openings
V1= approaching velocity of upstream channel
g= gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s2)
Head Loss through Fine Screen

Where
c=empirical discharge coefficient to account for turbulence and eddy motion. (c=0.6)
g= gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s2)
Q= discharge (m3/s)
A=effective opening area of the screen, m2
3.2 Primary Treatment

The liquid effluent from primary treatment, often contains a


large amount of suspended organic material, and has a
high BOD (about 60% of original). Sometimes, the
preliminary as well as primary treatments are classified
together, under primary treatment. The organic solids
which are separated out in the sedimentation tanks
(in primary treatment) are often stabilized by anaerobic
decomposition in a digestion tank or are incinerated.
The residue is used for landfills or soil conditioners.
✓ The main primary treatment unit is the primary
sedimentation tank. It is used to separate (remove) settle
able suspended solids.
✓ These tanks maybe circular or rectangular.
✓ The tanks are designed on the bases of overflow rate or
the hydraulic surface loading rate (H ) expressed as :
Q/A (m3 /m2.d), where A is the surface area of the tank.
The overflow rate affects the efficiency of the tank. The
range of (H) is 30-50 m3 /m2 .d at the average design flow.
✓ Another important parameter is the weir loading rate expressed as
WL = Q/L (m3 /m.d ), where L is the effluent weir length. The
maximum allowable WL = is 186 m3 /m.d at the average design flow.
✓ The hydraulic detention time should not be less than 1.5 hrs based on
the average flow. The hydraulic detention time is defined as Θ = V/Q.
✓ The diameter of circular tanks is in the range of 3 to 60 m, and their
depth is in the range of 3 to 6 m.
✓ The length of rectangular tanks is in the range of 10 to 100m, and the
depth is in the range of 2.5 to 5 m. The width of the tank is in the range
of 3 to 24 m. The ratio of length to width is in the range of 1.0 to 7.50.
The ratio of length to depth is in the range of 4.2 to 25.
In the primary sedimentation tank the settling velocity of organic and
inorganic particles are given with the relation of temperature and
specific gravity of the particles. This given as:-
For particles between 0.1 and 1mm, for inorganic solids, G = 2.65;
Settling velocity for inorganic solids can be:-

Similarly settling velocity for organic particles with G= 1.2 is given by

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