Quantitative Research

is a systematic investigation of occurrences that is

observable using statistical and mathematical techniques.

to employ theories, models and hypotheses to test a

phenomenon.
 Quantitative research is numerical in nature. Meanings and
results are expressed using numerals that shows the specificity
of something.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research?

STRUCTURE RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT

SAMPLE SIZE

REPLICABLE
Characteristics of Quantitative Research

CLEARY DEFINED QUESTIONS

NUMERICAL

OBJECTIVE

GENERALIZATION OF RESULTS
 STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Higher sample size - leads to an easier way to reach
an accurate generalized conclusion

 Collectmore information quickly when using

quantitative research.
 (Experiments, surveys and interviews)

Uses randomized samples in

collecting information.
 STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Results duplication is possible

Quantitative research can focus on

facts or a series of information .

Quantitative approach does not require

direct observation
 WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
This method does not consider the meaning behind
social phenomenon.
Quantitative research studies
can be very expensive.
There is no access to specific feedback in quantitative
research.
 WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Some efforts at randomization will not create usable
information.

Quantitative research requires a large sample

What are the kinds of quantitative research designs?

a form of quantitative research

dealing with the object or subject in
an exact manner and looks into the
EXPERIMENTAL extent of the effects or influence of
the treatment on the subject

Non-Experimental research design is one of

NON- the broad categories of research designs in
EXPERIMENTAL which the researcher observes the
phenomena as they occur naturally, and no
external variables are introduced.
What is Non-Experimental Research Design?

A. Descriptive Research Design

The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe,
describe and document aspects of a situation as it
naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting
point for hypothesis generation or theory
development.
What is Non-Experimental Research Design?

B. Correlational Design

In a correlational design, the researcher examines the
relationship between two or more variables in a natural
setting without manipulation of the control.
In other words, it is a study conducted to determine the
relationship of two or more variables without any
intervention
What is Non-Experimental Research
Design?
C. Epidemiological Research Design
This research design is used to
investigate the cause of different
diseases in a prospective approach.
The Importance of Quantitative Research
Across All Fields
A. Quantitative Research in Anthropology
 It is concerned with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst cultural
differences, alternatives, and identity. Therefore, anthropology is concerned about
understanding various kinds of the symbolic order in a given situation, society,
community and group.

 Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in society, racial

conflicts, and human evolution have given enormous contribution to the
improvement of human life
The Importance of Quantitative Research
Across All Fields
B. Quantitative Research in Education
toimprove educational practices that may lead to
more quality learning for the students.

 Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in society, racial

conflicts, and human evolution have given enormous contribution to the
improvement of human life
The Importance of Quantitative Research
Across All Fields

c. Quantitative Research in Accounting Business and Management

 results of quantitative research can help business advocates design a new
product figuring out what is needed to ensure that the development of a
product is highly targeted towards demands.

 to correctly determine its customers and their preferences, establish an enterprise in its
most feasible location,
 deliver quality goods, and services, analyze what the competitors are doing and find
ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing and varied client’s needs.
The Importance of Quantitative Research
Across All Fields
D. Quantitative Research in Science, technology, Engineering and Mathematics

 medical practitioners conduct research to obtain significant information

about disease trends and risks factors, results of various health
interventions, patterns of care and health care cost and use.

 research helps in providing designs that are creatively beautiful and at the same time give more
convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adopt to the ever-changing society. New
materials and procedures may be developed to further strengthen the structural materials that can
withstand various calamities and disasters. .
The Importance of Quantitative Research
Across All Fields
E. Quantitative Research in Humanities and Social Sciences

 Research in the field deal more with societal behaviors and social
issues. Social Science research led to the understanding of social
interactions that may lead to the formulation of new theories and
practices that contribute to societal development and welfare.
 The purpose of research
A. Exploratory
 Research to be conducted around a problem that
has not yet been clearly defined.
 Explorationresearch therefore aims to gain a
better understanding of the exact nature of the
problem and not to provide a conclusive answer
to the problem itself.
 This
enables us to conduct more in-depth
research later on.
 The purpose of research
B. Descriptive
Descriptive research expands
knowledge of a research problem or
phenomenon by describing it according
to its characteristics and population.
 Descriptive research focuses on the
‘how’ and ‘what’, but not on the ‘why’.
 The purpose of research

C. Explanatory
 Explanatory research, also referred to as
casual research, is conducted to determine
how variables interact,
 i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships.
 Explanatory research deals with the ‘why’ of
research questions and is therefore often
based on experiments.
 How to Find Dependent and Independent
Variables in Research?

Tips to identify dependent variable type:

The following research questions can be used to
identify the dependent variable:
•Is this variable calculated as an outcome of the
study?
•Is this variable dependent on another variable
in the experimental study?
•Is this variable calculated only after other
variables are changed?
The following research questions
can be used to identify the
independent variable:
•Is this variable controlled or varied as
a subject grouping method?
•Does this variable come before the
other variable in time?
•Is this variable used to study the
effect of another variable?
 CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Contains background information of the research
topic.

Set the stage for the entire study

through establishing the issue/concern
to the research
 CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It will ENCOURAGE OR DISCOURAGE

the readers to read your research

STATE THE REASONFOR YOU TO

CONDUCT THE STUDY
TECHNIQUES IN WRITING RESEARCH
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1. DEFICIENCIES MODEL (J.W. CRESWELL 2012)

PARTS:
A. STATE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
B. STUDIES THAT HAVE ADDRESSED THE PROBLEM
C. DEFICIENCIES IN THR STUDY (GAP/NOT COVERED)
D. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY FOR AN AUDIENCE
E. THE PURPOSE STATEMENT
TECHNIQUES IN WRITING RESEARCH
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2. T.I.O.C Approach (A. Nugui, 2019)

PARTS:
T- Trends (Current situation of your study, updated reference)
I- Issues (gaps/blind spot)
O- Objectives (reason)
C- Contributions (importance of your study
TECHNIQUES IN WRITING RESEARCH
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
3. Inverted Pyramid Approach

General Topic (Global literature

Facts (present)
Previous researchers about your topic
Facts, statistics and Legal Bases
Global, National, Local, School-Based
Importance of your study
Frequently asked questions in formulating
your BACKGROUND
1. .How many pages?
 No required pages usually it is 2-3 pages

2. How many citations in the research background

 2-3 citations

3. How to start writing your BACKGROUND?

- Check your topic and start READING.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 This section contains the purpose statements and the
research question(s).
 Phrase questions with the data to be collected in mind.
Answer the questions and rephrase the question if your
intended answer does not match the query.
 Example:

 “This study (or research) aims to…(make congruent with

title).”
 “Specifically, this research (or study) seeks to answer the
following questions:”
Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the level of practices of solid waste management of Grade 12 Humanities

and Social Sciences (HUMSS) of Rosario Integrated School for the school year 2022-2023.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of respondents in terms of:

a. age; and

b. gender?

2. What is the level of Solid waste management practices of Grade 12 HUMSS in Rosario

Integrated School?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile and the level of solid waste

management practices of the respondents?

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the level of compliance of Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) students on the Health

and Safety Protocols in Rosario Integrated School.

Specifically, it seems to answer the following questions;

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Section; and

b. Gender?

2. What is the level of compliance of the respondents on the Health and Safety Protocols in terms of:

a. Social Distancing;

b. Personal Wellness and Hygiene; and

c. School Health Protocol?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile and the level of compliance of the respondents on the Health and Safety

Protocols?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Identifies the
beneficiaries and benefits
will give when the
problem is solved.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Contribution of the
study
Format of Writing the
Significance of the Study
1. Paragraph form

2. Enumerated form
STYLE of Writing the
Significance of the Study
1. Hierarchical Style
Position/authority

2. According to importance
Most benefited
Don’ts of writing a significance
statement
Don’t make it too long. BE SPECIFIC
Don’t repeat any information that has been
presented in other sections.
Don’t overstate or exaggerate the
importance; it should match your actual
findings.
Consideration in Writing the Significance of the
Study
 Always refer to the statement of the problem
 This way you can clearly define the contribution of
your study.

 What are the benefits or advantages of the

study based on the statement of the problem?
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to determine the level of compliance of Grade 12 Humanities
and Social Sciences (HUMSS) students in Rosario Integrated School in terms of health
and safety protocols to avoid viruses and diseases from spreading.
This study is conducted to benefit the following:
Students- This study may help students to follow the Health and Safety Protocols and
keep students healthy and protect their well-being.
Teachers- This research provides guidance specific that will allow teachers to manage
operations in a safer and more effective manner. This will help teachers teach easily
and provides the opportunity to help future generations learn and discover their
passions.
Parents- The protocols are in place for the health, safety and well being of our
community. Following health protocols is a responsibility and creates a caring
environment where we are all doing our part to help keep our community healthy.
Significance of the Study
The findings that this study may benefit certain groups and the benefits they may be
able to gain are as follows:
To the School Administrator- the proposed study serves the school personnel as
their reference or guide in creating their program concerned with Waste Segregation.
To the Students- this proposed study will serve as an example to bear in their mind
that segregation of waste management is very essential to our health.
To all the Parents – So that the parents will be able to know that they should have a
sense of dedication and devotion to duty as parents in the implementation of some
strategies for the segregation of waste.
For Teachers- this study will serve as a reference for all teachers to be informed
about the level of practices of Grade 12 HUMSS learners toward Solid waste
management practices.
Future Researchers– the proposed study will serve and help the future researcher
as their guide. The study can also open in development of the study.
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
SCOPE
Scope as the domain of your research – what is in the domain,
and what is not.
You need to make it as clear as possible what you will be
studying and what factors are within the accepted range of
your study.
For example, if you are studying the ill effects of bullying on
Senior High school learners, the scope could include both face-
to-face bullying and cyber-bullying in grades 11 and 12.
 SCOPE
The extent to which the research
area will be explored
Explain the parameters within which the
study will be operating
 SCOPE
This study will focus on…
The scope of this study will be….

The study will cover….

The study will consist of……
 SCOPE
 Identify
the boundaries of the study in terms
of respondents, objectives, facilities, area,
time frame, and the issues on which the
research is focused.

 Presents the coverage of the research in

terms of location, time, respondents, etc.,
and the potential weaknesses or problems
with the study identified by the researcher.
 LIMITATION
LIMITATION- aim to identify the potential
weaknesses of the study
Every study, no matter how well conducted and crafted, has
limitations. These are aspects of your research study that as a
researcher you do not have control. They limit the extent to which
your study can go and may affect the result and conclusion.
Future research may cast doubt on the validity of your conclusion.
Your study might have access to specific people in a community,
certain documents, and certain data. There are limitations that
subsequent studies may overcome.
 LIMITATION

The study will be limited to….

The study is confined to…..

This study will not cover…..

 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
What to write in your scope and limitation?

General purpose of the study

Important details of the study
Population and target
Respondents and sample size
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
What to write in your scope and limitation?

Geographical location/setting
 Duration/research timeline or limit
Scope and Limitation

This study aimed to determine the level of practices of the

Grade 12 HUMSS learners toward Solid waste management.

This study is limited only to the Grade 12 HUMSS of Rosario

Integrated School for the school year 2022- 2023.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Is an alphabetical lists for important
terms or acronyms that you define
particularly ambiguous terms or those
terms you used in special way.

Terms are clarified and clearly

defined for the readers of the paper.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Types of Definition of TERMS

A. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
-universal meaning of the term, understood by many people,
or theoretical definition

B. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
-how the terms is applied or used in the research
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Reminders in Writing Definition of Terms
1. Only words or phrases that have special meaning of the
study are defined.
2. What to define, words in the title (variable), technical terms,
words for treatments- data analysis terms
3. Define the term conceptually or operationally or both.

4. If the definition are from sources (dictionary, encyclopedia) do not forget

to CITE

5. If there are uncommon acronyms include them, spell them out and give their meaning
Definition Of Terms
For a better understanding of this study, different terms are defined herein.
Grade 12 HUMSS: These refer to the students who are currently taking Grade 12 Humanities
and Social Sciences.
Practices- actions of learners toward Solid waste management.
Recycling is the process of gathering and converting resources into new goods that would
otherwise be thrown away as waste.
Rosario Integrated School: Refers to the school where the grade 12 HUMSS are currently
enrolled.
Solid waste - is a low-liquid content, worthless, and occasionally harmful item.
Solid Waste Management: Refers to the process of collecting, transporting, treating, and
disposing of solid waste materials in an organized and safe manner.
Waste- unwanted substance or material (Solid, liquid, gases) that is thrown away.
Waste disposal - is the management and removal of unwanted materials, often to protect the
environment.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• It illustrates what the
researcher expects to find in the
research
• It guides the researcher by
giving clear directions to the
research
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• It explains the major variables in
the study
• It is a diagram representing the
relationship of connection of
variables
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• In research, the simplest way,
easiest way to explain complex
relationships among your
variables is through a particular
diagram – the conceptual
framework
 How are conceptual done?
1. Research Topic – Research Title
-get the variables
Level of perception of Grade 12
HUMSS learners on Teenage
pregnancy
HUMSS 12 learners Independent Variable
Level of Perception on Teenage Pregnancy– Dependent
Variable
2. Research Question
Sample Questions:
1. What is the profile of the
respondents in terms:
a. Age;
b. Gender; and
c. Socio-economic status
 Sample Questions:
2. What is the level of perception of
Grade 12 HUMSS learners on
Teenage pregnancy as to:
a. Physical Health;
b. Psychological Health; and
c. Mental Health
 Sample Questions:
3. What IEC (Information
Educational Campaign)
materials can be used to
lessen the case of teenage
pregnancy?
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• It illustrates what the

researcher expects to find in the
research
• It guides the researcher by
giving clear directions to the
research
 The researchers adopted the Input Process Output (IPO) model. It includes all of
the materials and the information that is required in the process, the specific details
of the process, and how to determine the practices of Grade 12 HUMSS learners
toward Solid waste management.
For process, it includes the questionnaires that we utilized, the observations that
were made, and the data collection method. Data tabulation, analysis, and
interpretations are also included. It includes everything from the initial gathering of
information of data to the final results and recommendation of research.
For input, it consists of the respondent's profile. Usually, all the details specified in
the statement of the problem are stipulated here.
For output, this includes the results after interpreting the data. From this, the
researchers conceptualized recommendations on how the learners will be more
aware of what is solid waste management and for them to be more responsible in
their practices towards it.
RESEARCH PARADIGM
 An approach or a model or a pattern to conduct research.
It is a framework of thoughts or beliefs or
understandings within which theories and practices
operate.
 It acts as a function of how a researcher thinks about the
development of knowledge.
 In simple words, a research paradigm is a process of
creating a blueprint of research.
 Input Process Output
1. Respondent's
Demographic Profile: Identified the Practices of
a. age; and Grade 12 HUMSS learners
Data Gathering toward Solid waste
b. gender Questionnaire Management.
Survey Information
2. Level of Solid Data gathering
waste management Education campaign (IEC)
procedures Material in disseminating
practices of Grade 12
HUMSS in Rosario the results
Integrated School.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

RESEARCH PARADIGM
 An approach or a model or a pattern to conduct research.
It is a framework of thoughts or beliefs or
understandings within which theories and practices
operate.
 It acts as a function of how a researcher thinks about the
development of knowledge.
 In simple words, a research paradigm is a process of
creating a blueprint of research.
 Research Title: Level of Support Parents on Distance Education of SHS
Students
OUTPUT
INPUT PROCESS
• Profile of Parents • Collection of Data Profile and Level of Support
a. Age; • Analysis and of parents on student’s
b. Educational attainment Interpretation of Data distance education are
c. Occupation • Presentation of Results determined
and Findings s
• Level of Support on
distance Education of
Students
ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
IN RESEARCH
• In research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and
practices. Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of
conduct when collecting data from people.

The goals of human research often include understanding real-life

phenomena, studying effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and
improving lives in other ways.
What you decide to research and how you conduct that research involve key
ethical considerations.
These considerations work to
protect the rights of research participants
enhance research validity
maintain scientific or academic integrity
Ethical issue Definition
Voluntary Your participants are free to opt in or out of the
participation study at any point in time.
Informed consent Participants know the purpose, benefits, risks,
and funding behind the study before they agree or
decline to join.
Anonymity You don’t know the identities of the participants.
Personally identifiable data is not collected.
Confidentiality You know who the participants are but you keep
that information hidden from everyone else. You
anonymize personally identifiable data so that it
can’t be linked to other data by anyone else.
Potential for harm Physical, social, psychological and all other types
of harm are kept to an absolute minimum.
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Literature- are published materials composed of newspaper,

magazines, manuals, reference book or textbooks

Studies- are published materials, examples are researchers, accomplished

published researchers (thesis and dissertations), defended and written

PURPOSE OF RRLS:

To gain better and in-depth understanding of your study/focus

To examine gaps
To gain insights from previous studies-presentation, processes,
techniques (total exposure)
Different Types of Research Gaps in the
Literature Review
According to Robinson, Saldanhea & McKoy
(2011), Muller-Bloch, & Kranz (2015), and Miles
(2017), the research gap has been classified into
seven categories.

 https://www.ilovephd.com/different-types-research-gaps-literature-review/
A research gap is, simply, a topic or area for
which missing or insufficient information limits the ability
to reach a conclusion for a question. It should not be
confused with a research question, however.
 Forexample, if we ask the research question of what the
healthiest diet for humans is, we will find many studies
and possible answers to this question.
 On the other hand, if we were to ask the research
question of what are the effects of antidepressants on
pregnant women, we would not find much-existing data.
 Thisis a research gap. When we identify a research gap,
we identify a direction for potentially new and exciting
research.
Evidence gap: Little or no evidence to address the research problem.
Knowledge gap: Knowledge may not exist in the actual field. It might be
the case that the result of a study differs from what was expected.
• These are gaps in knowledge or understanding of a subject, where
more research is needed to fill the gaps. For example, there may be a
lack of understanding of the mechanisms behind a particular disease
or how a specific technology works.
Practical-Knowledge gap: When professional behavior or practices
deviate from research findings or are not covered by the research.
• These are gaps in the application of research findings to practical
situations. For example, there may be a need for more research to
understand how to implement evidence-based practices in real-world
settings or to identify barriers to implementing such practices.
Data gaps
• These are gaps in the data available on a particular subject. For
example, there may be a need for more research to collect data on a
specific population or to develop new measures to collect data on a
particular construct.
Methodology gap: A distinction in research methods is needed to
have new insights or to avoid ambiguous findings.
• These are gaps in the methods used to study a particular
subject. For example, there may be a need for more research
to develop new research methods or to refine existing
methods to address specific research questions.
Empirical gap: Research findings need to be evaluated or
empirically verified.

Theoretical gap: Theory should be applied to certain research

issues to generate new insights; lack of theoretical knowledge
may lead to a gap in research.

Population gap: Type of research gap that deals with a

population which is not adequately represented or under-
researched in the prior research (Eg., Gender, age, race).
Tools to Help Your Search

• PubCrawler, Feedly,
Google Scholar,
and PubMed
• Mendeley
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• It illustrates what the

researcher expects to find in the
research
• It guides the researcher by
giving clear directions to the
research
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

How to write the RRLS

1. Decide on the theme/topic

2. Read and evaluate the literature and

studies to be included

3. Write the topic sentence and the organized

and paraphrased literature and studies
How to find RRL i
n the Google Schol
ar
What is synthesis?
How to Begin?
 Read your sources carefully and find the main idea(s) of each source
 Look for similarities in your sources – which sources are talking
about the same main ideas? (for example, sources that discuss the
historical background on your topic)
 Use the worksheet (above) or synthesis matrix (below) to get
organized
 This work can be messy. Don't worry if you have to go through a
few iterations of the worksheet or matrix as you work on your lit
review!
 CHAPTER 3
Methodology
Methods and Procedures
RESEARCH DESIGN

Research Design is a
master plan specifying the
methods and procedures for
collection and analyzing
needed information.
 Quantitative Research Designs
1. Descriptive Research
researcher is solely interested in
describing the situation under the study.

created by gathering, analyzing, and

presenting collected data
giveinsight as the why’s and how’s of
research
Role of Facebook in Combatting
Misinformation Online

Factors Affecting the Learning

Styles of Senior High School
Learners

Level of Reading Comprehension

of Grade 12 Learners in Rosario
Integrated School
 Quantitative Research Designs
2. Correlational research:
 This research design helps the researchers
in establishing a relationship between two
closely connected variables that require two
different groups.

 There is no assumption while evaluating a

relationship between two different
variables, and statistical analysis
techniques calculate the relationship
between them.
 Quantitative Research Designs
2. Correlational research:
 PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND SPIRITUAL
DEVELOPMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
AND EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP PRACTICES

 Emotional intelligence and aggression in

adolescents.
 Quantitative Research Designs
3. Ex Post Facto
 method in which groups with qualities that
already exist are compared on some
dependent variable.
 NO manipulation of the Independent
Variable
 Study of the past incidence, event that
already happened
 The Impact of Faculty Learning
Strategies in Student Academic
Retention

Study First-Year
Student Orientation
as an Indicator of Student
Success at a Community College
 Quantitative Research Designs
4. Quasi- Experimental Research Design
 word “quasi” indicates similarity.
 In
this research, an independent variable is
manipulated but the participants of the
group are not randomly assigned.
 Quasi-research is used in field settings
where random assignment is either
irrelevant or not required.
 Effectiveness of Multimedia Aided
Instructions in Improving the reading Skills
of HUMSS 12 learners

Enhancing the Communication Skills of

STEM 12 learners through Mediated Media
Instruction
 Quantitative Research Designs
5. Experimental Research Design
 quantitative
research dealing with the subject of a
research precisely and influence of the treatment
on the subject, then discovers the cause of such
effect

 twogroups involved in any experimental research;

the experimental group, the one in which the
treatment is applied and the control group, which
does not receive any treatment.
Acceptabilityof Malunggay
Leaves as an Ice Cream

Acceptability of Banana leaves

as a floor wax
SOURCES OF DATA
Locale of the Study

Respondents/Participants

Sampling Method
Sampling Procedure and the
Sample
Population

entiregroup that you want to

conclude about
Sampling Procedure and the
Sample
Sample

specific group that you will

collect data from which also
refers as the subset in a
population.
Sampling Procedure and the
Sample
Sample

A sample (n) is a selection of

respondents for a research study
to represent the total population
(N).

The following are the reasons for the use of samples:
1. A sample saves time compared to making a full census that takes more
time.
2. A sample saves money because it is less expensive than carrying out
because it is less costly than conducting a complete census.
3. A sample allows you to pay more attention to a number of elements than
when doing a census.
4. There is a larger error in reporting the results of a census by inexperienced
interviewers. There are fewer sampling errors in a survey.
5. Some studies in the industry may only be performed on a sample of items.
For example, testing the length of time a battery will last.
Sampling frame
The sampling frame is the actual
list of individuals that the sample
will be drawn from. Ideally, it
should include the entire target
population (and nobody who is not
part of that population).
Example: Sampling frame. You are doing research
on working conditions at a social media marketing
company. Your population is all 1000 employees of
the company. Your sampling frame is the
company’s HR database, which lists the names and
contact details of every employee.
Probability sampling methods
Probability sampling means that every
member of the population has a chance
of being selected. It is mainly used in
quantitative research. If you want to
produce results that are representative
of the whole population, probability
sampling techniques are the most valid
choice
Non-probability sampling methods

Non-probability sampling is a sampling method

that uses non-random criteria like the availability,
geographical proximity, or expert knowledge of
the individuals you want to research in order to
answer a research question.
 Slovin’s Formula in Determining Sample
Size
The sample size can be
obtained by the formula ;
where n is the sample size, N
is the total population, and e
is the margin of error.


Example: A researcher wants to conduct a survey. If the population
of a big college is 35,000, find the sample size if the margin of error
is 5%.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD
I. Probability sampling in Quantitative Research

Probability sampling shows that

each member of the population
has an equal chance of being
selected as sample. This is
mainly used in conducting
quantitative research.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling

1.Simple Random Sampling: In this type of

sampling, every member of the population
has an equal chance of being included as a
sample.

Example:
Selecting a sample size of 100 from 1000
students in a school by assigning numbers to
each student and randomly select 100
students.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling

2. Systematic sampling: In this type of sampling,

every member of the population is listed with a
number, but instead of randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular intervals.

Example:
A researcher can give a research questionnaire to
every 4th student that enters the school.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling
3. Stratified sampling: This involves dividing the
population into subpopulations that may differ in
important ways. It allows you to draw more precise
conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is
properly represented in the sample.
To use this sampling method, you divide the population into
subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic.

Example:
Geographical Regions can be stratified into similar
regions through known variables like habitat type and
elevation.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling

4. Cluster sampling- also involves dividing

the population into subgroups, but each
subgroup should have similar
characteristics to the whole sample.
Instead of sampling individuals from each
subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups. This type of sampling is best to
use when the population is dispersed.
Direction: Determine the sampling procedure described in the following examples.

1. The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all
with roughly the same number of employees in similar roles). You
can’t travel to every office to collect your data, so you use random
sampling to select 3 offices.
Sampling Procedure: _________________________________.
2. The company has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You
want to ensure that the sample reflects the gender balance of the company,
so you sort the population into two strata based on gender. Then you use
random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which
gives you a representative sample of 100 people.

Sampling Procedure: _________________________________.

Direction: Determine the sampling procedure described in the following examples.

3. You want to select a simple random sample of 100 students of

your school. You assign a number to every student in the school
database from 1 to 1000 and use a random number generator to
select 100 students.

Sampling Procedure: _________________________________.

Non-probability sampling methods

Non-probability sampling is a sampling method

that uses non-random criteria like the availability,
geographical proximity, or expert knowledge of
the individuals you want to research in order to
answer a research question.
INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA
COLLECTION
Research Instrument (main data gathering tool)
e.g., Survey questionnaire, checklist

If researcher made- must passed the validity

criteria range
If adopted- cite the author/reference
Include also the process to gather data
Research-Made Survey Questionnaire

1st- validity process

2nd- Communication Letter of Permission to the

OIC Assistant Principal, SHS
1st- validity process

2 - Communication Letter of Permission to the

nd

OIC Assistant Principal, SHS

3rd- Write a Letter to the Respondents, then float

the questionnaire
 Research Instrument, Validity and Reliability

Research instrument is very important in

conducting a research study for the result will
serve as the basis in answering the research
problem and selecting the correct hypothesis in
the latter part of the research.
What makes a
Good
Research
Instrument?
What makes a Good Research Instrument?

Valid and Reliable: The instrument should measure

what intends to measure. The instrument should
have accuracy and consistency.

Usable: The degree to which the tests are used

without much expenditure of time, money and
effort. It also means practicability. Factors that
determine usability are: administrability, scorability,
and economy.
 What makes a Good Research Instrument?

Scorable: A good instrument is easy to score thus:

scoring direction is clear, scoring key is simple,
answer is available.

Economical: One way to economize cost is to use answer sheet and reusable test.
However, test validity and reliability should not be sacrificed for economy.
Types of Validity of Instruments

1. Construct validity: This type of validity determines

whether an instrument/ measurement tool represents the
thing that the researcher wants to measure. Furthermore,
construct validity ensures that the measurement matches the
construct that you want to measure. Construct could be
characteristics that the researcher intends to measure.
 Types of Validity of Instruments

2. Content validity: Content Validity evaluates

whether an instrument covers all aspects of the
construct. This is very important in producing valid
results. The researcher should always assure that the
instrument produced covers all relevant parts of the
subject it aims to measure.
 Types of Validity of Instruments

3. Face validity: This considers how

suitable the content of an
instrument seems to be as it
appears. It is a subjective measure
and considered as the weakest form
of validity.
 Types of Validity of Instruments

4. Criterion validity: This type of validity

evaluates how closely the result of your test
to the result of other tests conducted.
Criterion refers to the external measurement
of the same thing
 Reliability of Instrument

1. Internal consistency reliability: This

type of test of reliability gauges how
well an instrument is measuring what
you want to measure. This is very
important for the researcher to ensure
that they have included enough items to
capture the concept adequately.
 Reliability of Instrument

2. Test-retest measures the correlation

between scores from one administration of an
instrument to another. This measures test
consistency- the reliability of a test measured
over time.
 Reliability of Instrument

3. Inter-rater reliability checks

the degree of agreement among
raters. This refers to the extent
to which two or more raters give
consistent estimates of the same
phenomenon.
 Reliability of Instrument

4. Parallel Forms Reliability:

Used to assess the consistency
of the results of two tests
constructed in the same way
from the same content domain.
 VALIDATOR RESPONSE

INDICATOR/CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1

1. The items in the instrument are relevant to answer the objectives of the study 5 4 3 2 1
2. The items in the instrument can obtain depth to constructs being measured. 5 4 3 2 1
3. The instrument has an appropriate sample of items for the construct being
5 4 3 2 1
measured
4. The items and their alternatives are neither too narrow nor limited in its content. 5 4 3 2 1
5. The items in the instrument are stated clearly 5 4 3 2 1
6. The items on the instrument can elicit responses which are stable, definite,
5 4 3 2 1
consistent and not conflicting
7. The terms adapted in the scale in the scale are culturally appropriate 5 4 3 2 1
8. The layout or format of the instrument is technically sound 5 4 3 2 1
9. The responses on the scale show a reasonable range of variation 5 4 3 2 1
10. The instrument is not too short or long enough that the participants will be able
5 4 3 2 1
to answer it with the given time
11. The instrument is interesting such that participants will be induced to respond to
5 4 3 2 1
it and accomplish it fully.
12. The instrument could answer the basic purpose for which it is designed. 5 4 3 2 1
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT/ANALYSIS OF DATA

SOP 1- Profile - frequency count, percentage

SOP 2- Level/Extent/Degree
- mean, average weighted
mean, rank
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT/ANALYSIS OF DATA

SOP 3- Significant relationship

- Multiple regression analysis
Scale Range Interpretation
The researchers will
5 4.20-5.00 Very highly valid
use the Francisquite
4 3.40-4.19 Highly Valid validation tool to
validate survey
3 2.60-3.39 Valid questionnaire. The
statistical range listed
2 1.80-2.59 Less Valid below will be used.
1 1.00-1.79 Not Valid at all