The Language of Argumentation Part 5 B

THE LANGUAGE OF
ARGUMENTATION
THE LANGUAGE OF ARGUMENTATION
Argumentation
- the action or process of reasoning systematically in support of an

idea, action, or theory
Argument
- In logic and philosophy, an argument is a series of statement,
called the premises intended to determine the degree of truth of another
statement, the conclusion.
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Premise (or assumption) = a previous statement or proposition from which another is

inferred or follows a conclusion (“if the premise is true, then the conclusion
must be true”)
= an assertion or proposition which forms the basis for a work or
theory (“the fundamental premise of the report”)
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Argument
- refers to “a reasoned attempt to convince the audience to accept a
particular point of view about a debatable topic” (persuasion)
*The key concept here is “to convince the audience,” that is, you must
make them believe your position, accept your logic and evidence.
*There are two (2) types of evidence used in argumentation: fact(s) and
(expert) opinion(s)
*Facts consist of items that can be verified or proven. There are at least four
(4) categories of facts:
a. By Scientific Measurement
b. By the Way Nature Works
c. By observation
d. By Statistics
*Expert Opinion – the opinions expressed by an established authority in the

field.
Writing and presenting issue/position paper
A position paper presents an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal

of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and
worth listening to. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully
examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your
paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the
issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to
understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your
audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented.
It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity
of your claims, as well as to address the counter claims to show that you are
well informed about both sides.
Issue Criteria
To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the plausibility
(the quality of seeming reasonable or probable) of a topic that interest you.
Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to
present a strong argument:
Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?
Can you distinctly identify two positions?
Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?
Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument

Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the
subject matter. While you may already have an opinion on your topic and an
idea about which side of the argument you want to take; you need to
ensure that your position is well supported. Listing out the pro and con sides
of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counter
claims, along with a list of supporting evidence for both sides. Supporting
evidence
Includes the following:

Factual Knowledge – Information that is verifiable and agreed upon
by almost everyone.
Statistical Inferences – Interpretation and examples of an
accumulation of facts.
Informed Opinion – Opinion developed through research and/or
expertise of the claim.
Personal Testimony – Personal experience related by a
knowledgeable party.
Your introduction should lead up to a thesis that organizes the rest of

your paper. There are three advantages to leading with the thesis:
1. The audience knows where you stand.
2. The thesis is located in the two strongest places, first and last.
3. It is the most common form of academic argument used.
READ: SAMPLE POSITION PAPER
Sample Outline for a Position Paper
I. Introduction
A. Introduce the topic

B. Provide background on the topic
C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue)
II. Counter Argument
A. Summarize the counterclaims

B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims
C. Refute the counterclaims
D. Give evidence for argument
READ: SAMPLE POSITION PAPER
Sample Outline for a Position Paper
III. Your argument
A. Assert point #1 of your claims

1. Give your opinion
2. Provide support
B. Assert #2 of your claims
2. Provide support
C. Assert #3 of your claims
2. Provide support
IV. Conclusion
A. Restate your argument

B. Provide a plan of action
Writing and presenting case reports
Writing case reports

First: Select a case and identify the message you wish to communicate, as
well as your audience.
Second: Gather the necessary information to accurately write WHAT
happened as a timeline and as a narrative.
Third: Complete the remainder of the case report using specialty-specific
information if necessary, with appropriate scientific references and explanations.
Writing Sequence
Part 1 – Working Title, WHAT happened: Timeline and Narrative
Part 2 – WHY it might have happened: Introduction, Discussion, Conclusion
Part 3 – Abstract, Key Words, References, Acknowledgement, and Informed
Consent
Submission to a scientific journal
Follow author guidelines and journal submission requirements when
writing and submitting your case report to a scientific journal. You may wish to
contact the journal before submitting your manuscript.
WRITING A POSITION PAPER
Choose two topics from the given list:
1. Education
Should the Department of Education allow face to face
learning to elementary and high school students?
2. LGBTQ Community
Should there be a constitutional amendment that allows gays
and lesbians to legally marry?
3. Cellphones
How have they changed us socially?
4. Health
Are you in favor of the government’s position that everybody
should be vaccinated?
5. Creativity is a Skill that is Absolutely Necessary in Education

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THE LANGUAGE OF

- the action or process of reasoning systematically in support of an

Premise (or assumption) = a previous statement or proposition from which another is

*Expert Opinion – the opinions expressed by an established authority in the

Writing and presenting issue/position paper

A position paper presents an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal

Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument

Includes the following:

Your introduction should lead up to a thesis that organizes the rest of

READ: SAMPLE POSITION PAPER

Sample Outline for a Position Paper

A. Introduce the topic

II. Counter Argument

A. Summarize the counterclaims

READ: SAMPLE POSITION PAPER

Sample Outline for a Position Paper

III. Your argument

A. Assert point #1 of your claims

A. Restate your argument

Writing and presenting case reports

Writing case reports

WRITING A POSITION PAPER

Choose two topics from the given list:

5. Creativity is a Skill that is Absolutely Necessary in Education

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