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    UNIT 4.1 sMORPHOLOGY OF NEMATODES

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    TAHSEEN Jahan
    Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that can be plant parasites. They have a basic cylindrical shape and internal organs like a digestive system. Many species are important agricultural pests that feed on plant roots and cause damage. There are over 4,000 known plant-parasitic nematode species with some of the most common being cyst, root-knot, and lesion nematodes belonging to the genera Globodera, Meloidogyne, and Pratylenchus, respectively. Nematodes can reduce crop yields by 12% worldwide through their feeding behavior and ability to infect roots.

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    UNIT 4.1 sMORPHOLOGY OF NEMATODES

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    TAHSEEN Jahan
    14 views24 pages
    Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that can be plant parasites. They have a basic cylindrical shape and internal organs like a digestive system. Many species are important agricultural pests that feed on plant roots and cause damage. There are over 4,000 known plant-parasitic nematode species with some of the most common being cyst, root-knot, and lesion nematodes belonging to the genera Globodera, Meloidogyne, and Pratylenchus, respectively. Nematodes can reduce crop yields by 12% worldwide through their feeding behavior and ability to infect roots.

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    Nematodes

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    Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that can be plant parasites. They have a basic cylindrical shape and internal organs like a digestive system. Many species are important agricultural pests that feed on plant roots and cause damage. There are over 4,000 known plant-parasitic nematode species with some of the most common being cyst, root-knot, and lesion nematodes belonging to the genera Globodera, Meloidogyne, and Pratylenchus, respectively. Nematodes can reduce crop yields by 12% worldwide through their feeding behavior and ability to infect roots.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    14 views24 pages

    UNIT 4.1 sMORPHOLOGY OF NEMATODES

    Uploaded by

    TAHSEEN Jahan
    Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that can be plant parasites. They have a basic cylindrical shape and internal organs like a digestive system. Many species are important agricultural pests that feed on plant roots and cause damage. There are over 4,000 known plant-parasitic nematode species with some of the most common being cyst, root-knot, and lesion nematodes belonging to the genera Globodera, Meloidogyne, and Pratylenchus, respectively. Nematodes can reduce crop yields by 12% worldwide through their feeding behavior and ability to infect roots.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    “You got to train your mind to be stronger than your emotions, or

    else you’ll lose yourself everyday”

    FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT PATHOLOGY


    PTH213

    Dr. Gurpreet Kaur


    Department of Plant Pathology, SAGR, LPU
    Unit IV
    Introduction of Nematodes
     General morphology of nematode
     Reproduction of nematode
     Classification of nematode
     Symptoms and nature of damage caused by plant parasitic nematodes
    (Heterodera sp., Meloidogyne sp., Anguina sp., Radopholus sp. etc.)
    Nematode
    "Nematode" is a Greek word (nema = thread, oides = form) i.e.,
    thread like organisms as they look like tiny threads moving under
    microscope.
    Nematodes
     round in cross section
     organs - digestive, nervous, excretory, cuticle, muscle, sexual
     unsegmented: not divided into segments
     bilaterally symmetric: body is identical on each side
     variable size
     develops by molting (shedding cuticle)
     separate sexes
     reproduction and development
    General characteristics of nematodes

     Plant parasitic nematodes are needlelike roundworms with the


    exception of females of some species which become rounded or
    pyriform.
     They live in the arable layer of the soil and are microscopic in size,
    measuring only 0.01 to 1 mm in diameter.
     Nematodes are important parasites of animals and plants and are of
    major medical and agricultural importance.
     Over 100,000 species of nematodes have been described from
    vertebrates alone.
     Approximately a quarter of the world's population suffers from a
    nematode infection of some sort (1 person in 4).
     Nematodes are important parasites of plants (except animal and
    human), species like Globodera and Meloidogyne.
     Nematodes are estimated to destroy 12% of the world’s cash crops
    annually.
    “Good” vs “Bad” nematodes

    – Bacterial feeders
    – Fungal feeders “Good nematodes”
    – Predators
    – Animal-parasites
    “Bad nematodes”
    – Plant-parasites
    History
     Petrus Borellus (1656) was the first to describe the first free-
    living nematode, Turbatrix aceti.
     Turbevil Needham (1743) accidently recorded first plant
    parasitic nematode from shrunken and blackened wheat
    grains.
     He named it Vibrio tritici. Later this nematode was rightly
    named as Anguina tritici by Steinbuch.
     Berkley (1855) discovered first root-knot nematode from
    galled roots of green-house cucumbers.
     Kuhn (1871) was the first to use soil fumigation (carbon
    disulphide) to control Heterodera schachtii, in sugar
    beet.
     Nathan Augustus Cobb (Father of Nematology)
    described detailed morphology of plant parasitic
    nematodes.
     He devised nematode extraction techniques from soil, methods for
    sampling, nematode sectioning and mounting.
     He invented a new camera lucida device for drawing and
    measurements of nematodes, and discovered many new species of
    PPN.
     He published “Contributions to a Science of Nematology” and his
    lab manual “Estimating the Nema Population of Soil” for the benefit
    of new workers in this field.
    Morphology of plant parasitic nematodes

    A. Adult

     Elongate, cylindrical, bilaterally


    symmetrical and tapered at both
    end.
     Dioecious, male < female.
     At the curved, posterior end of
    male is a copulatory organ.
    i. Body wall: Three layered; cuticle,
    hypodermis and muscles

    ii. Digestive system: complete but


    simple consisting of a mouth, stylet,
    intestine, rectum (F) /cloaca (M) and
    anus.
    iii. Reproductive system: separate for male and female.
    iv. Excretory system: Two lateral
    excretory ducts running inside the
    lateral cords

    v. Nervous system: A nerve ring


    encircling the esophagus, from which
    trunks radiated anteriorly and
    posteriorly.
    B. Egg

    Three layers:
     1. Outer layer: embryo membrane
     2. Middle layer: chitinous layer
     3. Inner layer: lipid layer
    Different shapes of nematodes

    1. Filiform: More elongated towards the body extremities, e.g., Xiphinema,


    Longidorus, Paralongidorus.
    2. Sausage shaped or plump: When body length is reduced but breadth
    remains same giving a plump look, e.g., Criconemoid group.
    3. Pyriform or flask shaped: Females of certain Genera swell to acquire
    saccate, pear shape or flask like structure, e.g., Females
    of Meloidogyne spp. and Heterodera cysts.
    4. Kidney shaped or Reniform: e.g., Rotylenchulus reniformis
    Habitat
    Mostly all of plant pathogenic nematodes spend their life in the soil
    1. Feeding habit:
     Ectoparasite: do not enter into the host tissue feed only on the host surfaces
     Endoparasite: enter and feed the host tissue

    2. Feeding sites:
     Migratory: Moves through plant tissue
     Sedentary: establish specialised feeding sites & stay there until they die.
    How nematodes affect plants ?
    Because of feeding process:
     Puncture a cell wall
     Inject saliva- contain enzymes
     Take the cell contents
     And moves on within a few seconds
    Genera of the most common plant parasitic nematodes
    1. Cyst nematode Globodera spp. and Heterodera spp.
    2. Dagger nematode Xiphinema spp.
    3. Foliar nematode Aphelechoides spp.
    4. Lance nematode Hoplolaimus spp.
    5. Lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp.
    6. Needle nematode Longidorus spp.
    7. Pin nematode Paratylenchus spp.
    8. Reniform nematode Rotylenchulus spp.
    9. Ring nematode Criconemella spp.
    10. Root – knot nematode Meloidogyne spp.
    11. Sheath nematode Hemicycliophora spp.
    12. Spiral nematode Helicotylenchus spp.
    13. Sting nematode Belonolaimus
    14. Stubby – root nematode Paratrichodorus spp and Trichodorus spp.
    15. Stunt nematode Tylenchorhynchus spp.

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