Angle Modulation - N
Angle Modulation - N
ANGLE MODULATION – is a
modulation technique which varies the
phase angle of a high – frequency carrier
signal in proportion with the
instantaneous amplitude of a modulating
signal.
Forms of Angle Modulation
• Phase Deviation
• Frequency Deviation
• Percent Modulation
• Deviation Ratio
• PM and FM power
Phase Deviation
For PM waveform, the phase deviation or
modulation index is given by:
m= = k1 Vm
For FM waveform, the phase deviation or
modulation index is given by:
where:
m= m = modulation index or peak phase deviation
(rad)
k1 = deviation sensitivity for PM modulators
m= (rad/s.V)
fm k2 = deviation sensitivity for FM modulators
(rad/s.V)
Vm = peak modulating signal amplitude (V)
fm = modulating signal frequency
Frequency Deviation
Frequency k1 Vm k1 Vm fm
Deviation,
Percent Modulation
For PM and FM, the percentage modulation is given
by:
x
%m = 100%
Where:
%m = percentage modulation
= actual frequency deviation of carrier
signal (Hz)
= maximum frequency deviation (Hz)
Deviation Ratio
DR =
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
BW = 2fm
BW = 2
By using Bessel Function Table
BW = 2nfm
BW = 2 (fm +
)
example
• For an FM modulator with a peak frequency
deviation ∆f = 10 kHz, a modulating-signal
frequency fm=10 kHz, Vc = 10 V, and a 500-kHz
carrier, determine:
a. Actual minimum bandwidth from the
Bessel function table.
b. Approximate minimum bandwidth using
Carson’s rule
PM and FM power
Pt = Pc+ 2( P1+P2+P3+…+Pn )
Where:
Pc= P1 = …
Voltages in Vrms
An FM signal has a deviation of 3 kHz and a modulating frequency of
1 kHz. Its total power is 5 W, developed across a 50 resistive load.
The carrier frequency is 160 MHz.
(a) Calculate the RMS signal voltage.
(b) Calculate the RMS voltage at the carrier frequency and each of
the first three sets of sidebands.
(c) Calculate the frequency of each sideband for the first three
sideband pairs.
(d) Calculate the power at the carrier frequency, and in each
sideband, for the first three pairs.
(e) Determine what percentage of the total signal power is
unaccounted for by the components described above.
(f) Sketch the signal in the frequency domain, as it would appear
on a spectrum analyzer. The vertical scale should be power in
dBm, and the horizontal scale should be frequency.
Threshold Effect
Capture Effect
NOISE
LEVEL
Before Pre-emphasis After Pre-emphasis
De-emphasis Network