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This document contains lecture notes on chemical process calculations from a third semester course. It includes examples of calculating: - Concentration in grams per liter from moles and molecular weight - Molality from moles, mass and volume - Parts per million (ppm) concentration units - Average molecular weight of gas mixtures from molecular weights and mole fractions - Density of gas mixtures using the ideal gas law

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Hana Aziz
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18 views14 pages

DownloadClassSessionFile 6

This document contains lecture notes on chemical process calculations from a third semester course. It includes examples of calculating: - Concentration in grams per liter from moles and molecular weight - Molality from moles, mass and volume - Parts per million (ppm) concentration units - Average molecular weight of gas mixtures from molecular weights and mole fractions - Density of gas mixtures using the ideal gas law

Uploaded by

Hana Aziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMICAL PROCESS

CALCULATION
3RD SEMESTER
Lecture #4
Quiz Q1 / 5N H3PO4 to g/l. Valency of H3PO4 = 3
Solution: Basis = 1 litre of solution
Molecular weight of H3PO4 = 3 × 1 + 1 × 31 + 4 × 16 = 3 + 31 + 64 = 98
Quiz Q2/ What is the molality of a solution consisting of 1.34 mL of carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4, density= 1.59 g/mL) in 65.0 mL of methylene chloride
(CH2Cl2, density =1.33 g/mL)?
AW Cl = 35.5 gm ,
Moles of CCl4:
Density= mass/volume
Mass= density * volume
= (1.34 mL) × (1.59 g/mL) = 2.1306 g

Mole = mass/ mwt


Mwt CCl4= 12+4*35.5
mole= 2.1306 g / 153.823 g/mol = 0.013851 mol
Mass of the methylene chloride:
Mass= density *vol.
Mass= (65.0 mL) × (1.33 g/mL) = 86.45 g = 0.08645 kg
Molality:

Molality= mole of solute/ mass of solvent in kg


Molality= 0.013851 mol / 0.08645 kg = 0.160 m.
Concept of PPM (Parts Per Million)
It is the short form of parts per million, i.e. parts of one substance present in
million parts of another substance, specially solvent. It is commonly used as
a unit of concentration.
Concentration may be defined as the amount of solute present in known
amount of solvent. It has the unit g/l or g/cc. For example, consider the
concentration of NaOH in water. When 5 g of Sodium hydroxide is dissolved
in 1 litre of water, it gives the concentration of Sodium Hydroxide in water as
5 g/l.
When a large amount of solute substance is present in a solvent, it can be
comfortably represented by the unit g/l. But, when the solute substance
present in solvent is very small its represented by ppm unit.
The unit as ppm is commonly used to measure the small level of pollutants
present in air. For example, Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of CO in air is
50 ppm.
It is also used as a measure of small level of pollutant present in drinking
water. For example, permissible exposure limit of Arsenic in drinking water
is 1 ppm.
Average Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture
Generally, it is required for calculating the weight of a gas mixture. It is
assumed that the quantity of gas mixture has one mole as the weight of
one mole of gas mixture represents its average molecular weight. If the
composition of gas mixture is specified in terms of volume%, assuming
ideal gas applicability, we have to treat the same as mole%. Then mole
fraction to be calculated, which is needed for calculating average molecular
weight of gas mixture.
Let us consider a gas mixture consisting of components a, b, and c.
Let Ma, Mb and Mc are the molecular weight of the components a, b, c and
xa, xb and xc are the mole fractions of component gases.
Then,
Mavg = Ma xa + Mb xb + Mc xc
where
Mavg = Average molecular weight of gas mixture.
Average molecular weight of gas mixture is the sum of the products of molecular
weight and mole fraction of component gases. It can be expressed as
Density of Gas Mixture
The density of a gas mixture can be easily calculated by the use of ideal
gas law at a given temperature and pressure of the gas mixture.
For calculating the density, one must know the average molecular weight of
the gas mixture. From the ideal gas law, we know that
EXAMPLE
A compound whose molecular weight is 103, analyses C = 81.5%, H = 4.9%
and N = 13.6%. What is its molecular formula?
Solution:
EXAMPLE
The analysis of the gas sample is given below (volume basis):
CH4 = 66%, CO2 = 30%, NH3 = 4%.
Calculate:
(i) The average molecular weight of the gas
(ii) The density of the gas at 2 atm and 303 K.

Solution:
EXAMPLE
By electrolysing a mixed brine, a gaseous mixture is obtained at the cathode
having the following composition by weight:
Cl2 = 67%, Br2 = 28%, O2 = 5%
Calculate:
(i) Composition of the gas by volume
(ii) Average molecular weight
(iii) Density of gas mixture at 298 K and 1 atm.

Solution: Basis: 100 kg of gas mixture


(i) Composition of the gas by volume:
(ii) Average molecular weight:
EXAMPLE
A mixture of CH4 and C2H6 has the average molecular weight 22.4. Find mole% of
CH4 and C2H6 in the mixture.
Solution:

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