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Lesson 1. Set Theory

Here are the answers to the questions based on the Venn diagram: * 6% liked watching none of these movie genres, so 60 people liked watching none. * 25% liked watching comedy and fantasy both, so 250 people. * 28% liked watching romantic and fantasy both, so 280 people. * 30% liked watching comedy and romantic, so 300 people. * The intersection of all 3 circles is 25% of 1000, which is 250 people. * The number who like only one genre is the totals (52% + 45% + 60%) - intersections = 520 people. * The number who like at least two genres is the totals inside any two overlapping circles = 250 + 280 + 300 +

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78 views

Lesson 1. Set Theory

Here are the answers to the questions based on the Venn diagram: * 6% liked watching none of these movie genres, so 60 people liked watching none. * 25% liked watching comedy and fantasy both, so 250 people. * 28% liked watching romantic and fantasy both, so 280 people. * 30% liked watching comedy and romantic, so 300 people. * The intersection of all 3 circles is 25% of 1000, which is 250 people. * The number who like only one genre is the totals (52% + 45% + 60%) - intersections = 520 people. * The number who like at least two genres is the totals inside any two overlapping circles = 250 + 280 + 300 +

Uploaded by

leaadel92
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WHAT IS DISCRETE MATHEMATHICS?

* It is mathematics that deals with discrete objects.


* Discrete objects -those which are separated from (not
connected to/distinct from) each other.
* Integers
(whole numbers), rational numbers (ones that
can be expressed as the quotient of two integers),
automobiles, houses, people etc. are all discrete objects.
* The study of topics in Discrete Mathematics usually
includes the study of algorithms, their implementations
and efficiencies.
SETS AND ITS
BASIC OPERATION
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS
* Use of the word “set” as a formal mathematical term was
introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor.
* For most mathematical purposes we can think of a set
intuitively, as Cantor did, simply as a collection of elements.

BY DEFINITION
A set is a collection of well-defined objects.
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS
* Use of the word “set” as a formal mathematical term was
introduced in 1879 by Georg Cantor.
* For most mathematical purposes we can think of a set
intuitively, as Cantor did, simply as a collection of elements.

BY DEFINITION
A set is a collection of well-defined objects.
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS
A set is denoted with braces or curly brackets { } and label or
name the set by a capital letter such as A, B, C,...etc.

a. A set of counting numbers from 1 to 5.


A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
b. A set of English alphabet from a to d.
B = { a, b, c, d }
c. A set of all even positive integers.
C = { 2, 4, 6, 8, ... }
d. A set of an integers.
D = { ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS
ELEMENT OF A SET
Each member of the set is called an element and
the notation means that an item belongs to a set.

Say A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
1 A; 3 A; 5 A
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
UNIT SET
Unit set is a set that contains only one element.
Illustration:
A = { 1 }; B = { c }; C = { banana }

EMPTY SET or NULL SET,


Empty or null set is a set that has no element.
Illustration:
A={}
A set of seven yellow carabaos
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
FINITE SET
A finite set is a set that the elements in a given set
is countable.

Illustration:
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
B = { a, b, c, d }
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
INFINITE SET
An infinite set is a set that elements in a given set
has no end or not countable.

Illustration:
A set of counting numbers
A = { ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... }
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
CARDINAL NUMBER, n

Cardinal number are numbers that used to measure the


number of elements in a given set. It is just similar in
counting the total number of element in a set.

Illustration:
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } n = 4
B = { a, c, e } n = 3
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
EQUAL SET
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be equal if and
only if they have equal number of cardinality and the
element/s are identical. There is a 1 -1 correspondence.

Illustration:
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = { 3, 5, 2, 4, 1}
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
EQUIVALENT SET
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be equivalent if and only
if they have the exact number of element. There is a 1 – 1
correspondence.

Illustration:
A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } B = { a, b, c, d, e }
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
UNIVERSAL SET
The universal set U is the set of all elements under
discussion.

Illustration:
A set of an English alphabet
U = {a, b, c, d, ..., z}
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
JOINT SETS
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be joint sets if and only
if they have common element/s.

A = { 1, 2, 3} B = { 2, 4, 6 }

Here, sets A and B are joint set since they have common
element such as 2.
TERMINOLOGIES OF SET
DISJOINT SETS
Two sets, say A and B, are said to be disjoint if and
only if they are mutually exclusive or if they don’t have
common element/s.

A = { 1, 2, 3} B = { 4, 6, 8}
TWO WAYS OF
DESCRIBING A SETS
TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING A SETS
ROSTER OR TABULAR METHOD
It is done by listing or tabulating the elements of the set.

RULE or SET-BUILDER METHOD


It is done by stating or describing the common
characteristics of the elements of the set. We use the
notation
A = { x / x ... }
TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING A SETS
SUBSETS
SUBSETS
A subset, A B, means that every element of A is also an element of
B.
If x A, then x B.
In particular, every set is a subset of itself, A A.

A subset is called a proper subset, A is a proper subset of


B, if A B and there is at least one element of B that is not in A:
If x A, then x B and there is an element b such that b B
and b A.
SUBSETS
NOTE: The empty set. or {} has no elements and is a subset of every set
for every set A, A A.
The number of subsets of a given set is given by where n is the
number of elements of the given set.

Illustration:
How many subsets are there in a set A = {1, 2, 3 }? List down all the
subsets of set A.
ORDERED PAIR
ORDERED PAIR
Given elements a and b, the symbol (a, b) denotes the ordered
pair consisting of a and b together with the specification that “a” is the
first element of the pair and “b” is the second element.
Two ordered pairs (a,b) and (c,d) are equal if a = c and b = d.

Symbolically;
(a, b) = (c, d) means that a = c and b = d
ORDERED PAIR
Examples
a) If (a, b) = (3, 2), what would be the value of a and b.
ORDERED PAIR
Examples
b) Find x and y if (4x + 3, y) = (3x + 5, – 2).
OPERATIONS ON
SETS
OPERATIONS ON SETS
UNION OF SETS
The union of sets A and B, denoted by A B , is the set defined
as: A B = { x | x A or x B }

Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5}

Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5}


OPERATIONS ON SETS
INTERSECTION OF SETS
The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by A  B , is the set
defined as :
A B = { x | x A and x B }

Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1,2,4, 5}

Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = { 4, 5}


OPERATIONS ON SETS
DIFFERENCE OF SETS
The difference of sets A from B , denoted by A - B , is the set
defined as
A - B = { x | x A and x B }

Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5}

Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5}

Example : 3 If A = {a, b, c, d } and B = {a, c, e }


OPERATIONS ON SETS
COMPLIMENT OF SET
For a set A, the difference U - A , where U is the universe, is
called the complement of A and it is denoted by . Thus is the set of
everything that is not in A.

Example: Let U = { a, e, i, o, u } and A = { a, e }


OPERATIONS ON SETS
CARTESIAN PRODUCT
Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denoted
by A x B and read as “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pair (a,b)
where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically:
A x B = {(a, b) | a A and b B}
Note that A x B is not equal to B x A.
Example 1: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b}. Then A x B?

Example 2: B x A
VENN DIAGRAMS
VENN DIAGRAMS

A Venn diagram is an illustration of the relationships


between and among sets, groups of objects that share
something in common.
Usually, Venn diagrams are used to depict set
intersections (denoted by an upside-down letter U).
This type of diagram is used in scientific and
engineering presentations, in theoretical mathematics, in
computer applications, and in statistics.
VENN DIAGRAMS
VENN DIAGRAM
Suppose that in a town, 800 people are selected by random
types of sampling methods. 280 go to work by car only, 220 go to work
by bicycle only and 140 use both ways – sometimes go with a car and
sometimes with a bicycle.
* How many people go to work by car only?
* How many people go to work by bicycle only?
* How many people go by neither car nor bicycle?
* How many people use at least one of both transportation types?
* How many people use only one of car or bicycle?
VENN DIAGRAM
For the purposes of a marketing research, a survey of 1000 women is
conducted in a town. The results show that 52 % liked watching
comedies, 45% liked watching fantasy movies and 60% liked watching
romantic movies. In addition, 25% liked watching comedy and fantasy
both, 28% liked watching romantic and fantasy both and 30% liked
watching comedy and romantic movies both. 6% liked watching none of
these movie genres.
Here are our questions we should find the answer:
* How many women like watching all the three movie genres?
* Find the number of women who like watching only one of the three
genres.
* Find the number of women who like watching at least two of the given
genres.

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