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    Transformer Paralleling

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    Raj
    This document discusses transformer paralleling and the issues that must be addressed to properly parallel transformers. Key points covered include reasons for paralleling transformers like additional capacity, issues that can arise from improper paralleling like unequal load sharing and excessive circulating currents, methods for designing transformer impedances for load sharing, and techniques for paralleling transformer operation like the master/follower method and circulating current method. Proper paralleling requires considerations like matching voltages, impedances, loads, and control systems to avoid problems and ensure safe and reliable operation.

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    Transformer Paralleling

    Uploaded by

    Raj
    28 views25 pages
    This document discusses transformer paralleling and the issues that must be addressed to properly parallel transformers. Key points covered include reasons for paralleling transformers like additional capacity, issues that can arise from improper paralleling like unequal load sharing and excessive circulating currents, methods for designing transformer impedances for load sharing, and techniques for paralleling transformer operation like the master/follower method and circulating current method. Proper paralleling requires considerations like matching voltages, impedances, loads, and control systems to avoid problems and ensure safe and reliable operation.

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    This document discusses transformer paralleling and the issues that must be addressed to properly parallel transformers. Key points covered include reasons for paralleling transformers like additional capacity, issues that can arise from improper paralleling like unequal load sharing and excessive circulating currents, methods for designing transformer impedances for load sharing, and techniques for paralleling transformer operation like the master/follower method and circulating current method. Proper paralleling requires considerations like matching voltages, impedances, loads, and control systems to avoid problems and ensure safe and reliable operation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views25 pages

    Transformer Paralleling

    Uploaded by

    Raj
    This document discusses transformer paralleling and the issues that must be addressed to properly parallel transformers. Key points covered include reasons for paralleling transformers like additional capacity, issues that can arise from improper paralleling like unequal load sharing and excessive circulating currents, methods for designing transformer impedances for load sharing, and techniques for paralleling transformer operation like the master/follower method and circulating current method. Proper paralleling requires considerations like matching voltages, impedances, loads, and control systems to avoid problems and ensure safe and reliable operation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    TRANSFORMER PARALLELING

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Why Parallel Transformers?
    Additional Capacity
    Standardization of Transformer Ratings
     Security/Local Back Up
    Improved Access for Maintenance

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     User Issues
    Voltage / Ratio Mismatch
     Impedance Mismatch
     Unbalanced Loads
    Volt/Current Sensors Connected in phase
    Incompatible Controllers
    Increased Fault Currents

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Consequences of Improper Paralleling
    Unequal Load Sharing
    Excessive Circulating Currents
    Transformer Overloading
    Transformer Loss of Life Due To Overheating
    Excessive LTC Operation
     High Maintenance Costs
    Lower Transformer Reliability
    Voltage Complaints

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Impedance Design

     for Load Sharing When Paralleled

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     PARALLEL OPERATION CASE 1
     Different Cooling Classes
    Bank A 10/12.5 MVA; Z @ 10 MVA base = 0.08/unit
    Bank B 12/16/20 MVA; Z @ 12 MVA base = 0.08/unit
    On the same base (12.5 MVA)
    Bank A 10/12.5 MVA; Z @ 12.5 MVA base = 0.10/unit
    Bank B 12/16/20 MVA; Z @ 12.5 MVA base = 0.083/unit
    Transformers share load inversely to the ratio of the bank to
    the sum of the impedances of the banks in parallel.
    Bank A Loading = ZB/(ZA+ZB) = 0.83/(0.10+0.083) = 0.454/unit
    Bank B Loading = ZA/(ZA+ZB) = 0.10/(0.10+0.083) = 0.546/unit
    Note: Since the max rating of Bank A is 12.5 MVA and it
    carries 0.454/unit of substation capacity:
    The max total load of bank A and B
    12.5/0.454 = 27.5 MVA.
    Therefore, the max loading of Bank B
    is 27.5 – 12.5 = 15.0 MVA (less than 20 MVA rating).

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     PARALLEL OPERATION CASE 2
     Different Cooling Classes
    Assuming that Bank A exists and the need is to purchase and install a new
    transformer rated 10/12.5 MVA to operate in parallel with Bank A while
    providing a substation capacity of 32.5 MVA.
    The specified impedance of the new transformer for Bank B is determined as
    follows to utilize the full nameplate capacity of both transformers when they are paralleled.
    * Bank A: 10/12.5 MVA; Z @ 20 MVA base = 0.16/unit
    * Anticipated total load = 32.5 MVA
    * Bank A’s rated per unit load capacity of 12.5 MVA is:
    12.5/32.5 = 0.385/unit of the total bank loading of 32.5 MVA.
    •Bank B’s rated load capacity of 20 MVA is 20/32.5 = 0.615 per unit of the
    paralleled bank rating of 32.5 MVA; therefore Bank B’s impedance needs to
    be calculated to carry 0.615 per unit of the bank capacity.
    Bank B loading 0.615 per unit = 16/(16+X) and solving for X.
    X=0.10 per unit on 20 MVA base.

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     CFVV - Constant Flux Voltage Variation
     Load Tap Changer Operation
    LTC operation regulates the transformer secondary by increasing or
    decreasing the turns in the secondary winding while the primary winding turns
    are constant.

    Load Tap Changer is installed in the LV winding to vary the output


    by varying the turns in the LV winding.

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     VFVV - Variable Flux Voltage Variation
     Load Tap Changer Operation
    LTC operation regulates the transformer secondary by increasing
    or decreasing the turns in the primary winding while the secondary winding
    turns are constant.

    Load Tap Changer is installed in the HV winding resulting in a


    variable flux regulation.

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Paralleled Transformers
     Two or more transformers
    connected in such a manner
    that they share in the supply of
    a common load bus.

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Three Major Premises
     The transformers must continue their basic function of
    controlling the regulated bus voltage as prescribed by the basic
    settings on the control.

     The tap changers must operate to maintain tap position so as to


    minimize the current that circulates between them.

     These functions must operate correctly and automatically


    regardless of system configuration changes or breaker operations.

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Difficulties
     TIMING ERROR: One
    Tap changer faster than other
    (tolerances)– causes one
    transformer to do all voltage
    regulation

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Difficulties
     VOLTAGE ERROR:
    One tap changer voltage magnitude
    higher than other – causes one
    transformer to do all raising and
    other do all lowering

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Effects of “off-tap” positions
     Develops Circulating current =
    Reactive Power or Vars
    (ΔV in reactive circuit)
    ----------------
    Results in unbalanced
    transformer loading
    -----------------
    Circulating current calculation

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED
    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED
    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED
    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED
    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED
     Master/Follower Method
    (Direct operation technique)

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Circulating Current Method

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Application

     Z% Matched Transformers

    Different tap sizes

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     Conclusion

     Several methods of paralleling to choose from depending on


    needs of the application

    In choosing consider :


    – all possible configurations
    – all future possibilities

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


     References

     IEEE Guide for Transformer Paralleling

    J & P Transformer Book

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED


    THANK YOU

    CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED

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