Chapter 1

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming

(OOP)
Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

 Object oriented programming (OOP) is a

programming technique that uses “objects” to design
the applications and computer programs.

 In real life, things that you see such as cars, trees, cats,
mobile phones and so on are objects. Even, you as a
student is an object.

 An object combines data and operations on that data

into a single unit
 What is an Object?

 Object is a thing, both tangible or intangible, that

have properties/attributes (data values) and
behaviors (methods) that manipulate the data.

 Object does thing and usually depends on its

properties

 Object is called an instance of a class

 What is an Object?

Object can perform actions and can

have actions performed on it

Behaviour

Attribute/State Identity

Object can be called and

Properties used to used as single unit
defined characteristics of
the object
OBJECT
 Attribute / State
 The relevant data that relate with the object
 Attribute also can describe about state of object
 In OOP, this attribute will be declared as variable
 Example:

Object Attribute Value

Colour Blue
Category sport
Manufacturer Proton
Car
State Value
Current gear Gear 4
Engine Off
 Behaviour
 Possible operations / actions to be performed on data

 Example 1: car
◦ Start engine
◦ Speeding
◦ Change gear
◦ Stop

 Example 2: dog
◦ Barking
◦ Fetching

 Also known as methods or functions in programming

 More examples..
Cat1:
Attribute:
• Colour: white
• EyeColour: black
• WeightKg: 4

Behaviours:
• playing, fighting, hunting

Cat Cat2:
Attribute:
• Colour: black
• EyeColour: green
• WeightKg: 3.5
Behaviours:
• playing, fighting, hunting
 More examples..

Attribute/state:
• Colour: white
• Manufacturer: Nissan
• Model: Grand Livina
• Type: MPV

Car
Behaviours :
• Moving, speeding
 Exercise 1

 Identify the object(s) and the attributes for the

following scenario.

The Perlis Library is a public library that stores

various books that can be borrowed. The library is
open to both members and non-members.
 Exercise 2

 Identify the object(s) and the attributes for the

following scenario.

Company XYZ Sdn. Bhd sells their very own

product which is printer. There are many types of
printers sold by the company. The printers are
identified by their printer ID, brand, colour, price and
printer type.
 Exercise 3

 Identify the object(s) and the attributes for the

following scenario.

As a programmer, you are asked to develop a

program for keeping track of stock in a grocery
store. The stock consists of variety of products.
Each product has product ID, product name, price,
quantity, and supplier name.
 Exercise 4

 Identify the object(s) and the attributes for the

following scenario.

Athletes of SUKMA Games at Perlis 2018 may

involve in more than one games. For example, the
athletes who involved in 100 meters game may
involve in marathon and high jumping. The athlete
must make sure that the games are not clashing
each other in terms of the date and game venue.
 Exercise 5

 Identify the object(s) and the attributes for the

following scenario.

Academic Affairs Department has been asked to

trace the UiTM graduates employability. Among the
important information for that purpose are the
duration of getting job after graduate and the
relevancy of the job with their field of studies.
 Class

 An object is defined by a class

 A class is the blueprint of an object
 The class uses methods to define the behaviors of

the object
 The class that contains the main method of a Java

program represents the entire program

 A class represents a concept, and an object

represents the example of that concept

 Multiple objects can be created from the same

class
 Class (cont..)

Class Name: Cat

Object : Cat1, Cat2

Both objects have the same attributes and

behaviours.
 Class vs Object
Class object
 a kind of template. • a thing, both tangible
 represents the common and intangible.
structure & behaviour • is comprised of data
shared by the same & operations that
type. manipulate these
 A collection of objects of data.
similar type. • is called an instance
 must be defined before of a class.
creating an instance of
the class.
 Example
Class

STUDENT
Variables
stuID – represent the data/attributes
stuName - set of properties
stuProg

setID() Methods
setName() – represent the behaviors
setProg() - a sequence of instructions that class or
object needs to follow

Object

:STUDENT

stuID : “1234” Object or instance of the class

stuName : “Ahmad” that has the property values
stuProg : “CS110”
 Exercise 1

 List the attributes and behaviours of the following

objects:

a) Rectangle
b) Book
c) Employee
d) Fee
 Exercise 2

 List the objects that can be instantiate from the following

class:
a) Shape
b) Animal
c) Assessment
d) Address
e) Person
 Why OOP?

 Save development time (and cost) by reusing code

◦ once an object class is created it can be used in other
applications

 Easier debugging
◦ classes can be tested independently
◦ reused objects have already been tested
Characteristics / concepts of OOP

 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Abstraction ~ designing classes

◦ The creation of a software module contain relevant

characteristics of the object to be represented
◦ Focus only on the important facts about the problem at
hand
◦ Shows only important things to the user and hides the
internal details.
◦ to design, produce, and describe so that it can be
easily used without knowing the details of how it
works.
 Abstraction (cont..)
Real life example of abstraction:

Example 1:

Driving a car
 When you drive a car, you don’t have to know how the
gasoline and air are mixed.
 Instead you only have to know how to use the controls.

Example 2:

ATM Machine
 People can perform ATM operations like cash withrawal,

money transfer, check balance, etc, but we can’t know

internal details about ATM.
 Abstraction (cont..)
 Data Abstraction
◦ It is a process of hiding the data
◦ In OOP, this is implemented automatically while writing
the code in the form of class and object.
 Encapsulation
• It is a mechanism that binds together code and the data
it manipulates and keeps both safe from the outside
interference and misuse.
• It is a process of wrapping of data and methods in a
single unit.
• Access to the code & data inside the wrapper is tightly
controlled with the help of modifiers like private, public,
protected etc.
• In Java, encapsulation can be achieve using class
keyword.
 Encapsulation (cont..)
Also known as data hiding
Only object’s methods can modify information in the
object.
Advantage: to secure the data from other methods and
control the access to the data.

Example:

public class EncapTest{

All the data members
private String name; (variables) are declared
private String idNum; as private. So, only the
member in the class can
private int age; access the private
} member.
 Inheritance
 Inheritance ~ the use of extends
◦ Ability to create new classes from existing classes

 The process by which one class acquires the properties of

another class.

 The class which give the properties is known as base or

super or parent class.

 An object need only to define all those properties that

make it unique within its class. It inherits its general
attributes from its parent.

 Inheritance is also known as re-usability or extendable

classes.
 Inheritance

 Classes with properties in common can be grouped so

that their common properties are only defined once.

 Superclass – inherit its attributes & methods to the

subclass(es).

 Subclass – can inherit all its superclass attributes &

methods besides having its own unique attributes &
methods.
 Polymorphism
 Polymorphism
◦ From the Greek, meaning “many forms” (poly – many,
morphs – forms).

Real life example of polymorphism

A person:
◦ In classroom, behave like a student
◦ At home, behave like a son/daughter
◦ In shopping mall, behave like a customer
◦ In bus, behave like a passenger
 Polymorphism
 Polymorphism in programming
◦ One single statement is used as a call to various
methods
◦ The exact method to be called is only know during
runtime
◦ A feature that allows one interface to be used for a
general class of actions.
 “one interface, multiple methods”
◦ It is the use of abstract classes and virtual methods
◦ Can be applied in the overloaded methods (a few
methods that have the same name but with different
parameters).
 class Polygon {

 // method to render a shape

 public void render() {
 System.out.println("Rendering Polygon...");
 }
 }

 class Square extends Polygon {

 // renders Square
 public void render() {
 System.out.println("Rendering Square...");
 }
 }

 class Circle extends Polygon {

 // renders circle
 public void render() {
 System.out.println("Rendering Circle...");
 }
 }

 class Main {
 public static void main(String[] args) {


 // create an object of Square

 Square s1 = new Square();
 s1.render();

 // create an object of Circle

 Circle c1 = new Circle();
 c1.render();
 }
 }