GEN.

CHEMISTRY 1
MEASUREMENT

LESSON 3
 Learning Objectives
• Differentiate precision and accuracy
• Calculate the density, mass, or volume of
an object or substance from given data.
• Determine the density of liquids and
solids .
Accuracy and Precision

ACCURATE PRECISE
Accuracy - a measure of how
close a measurement is to the
true value of the quantity being
measured.
 Example: Accuracy
Who is more accurate when measuring a
book that has a true length of 17.0cm?

Susan:
ACCURATE 17.0cm, 16.0cm, 18.0cm, 15.0cm

Amy:
Accuracy - a measure
15.5cm, 15.0cm, of how
15.2cm, 15.3cm
close a measurement is to the
true value of the quantity
being measured.
Precision – a measure of how
close a series of measurements
are to one another. A measure of
how exact a measurement is.
Example: Precision
Who is more precise when measuring the same
17.0cm book?

Precision – a measure of how

Susan:
close 16.0cm,
17.0cm, a series of measurements
18.0cm, 15.0cm
are to one another. A measure
Amy:
of how
15.5cm, exact
15.0cm, a measurement
15.2cm, 15.3cm is.
Example: Evaluate
whether the following
are precise, accurate or
both.
Example: Evaluate
whether the following
are precise, accurate or
both.

Not
Accurate
Precise
Example: Evaluate
whether the following
are precise, accurate or
both.

Not
Accurate
Not Precise
Example: Evaluate
whether the following
are precise, accurate or
both.

Accurate
Precise
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 Rules in Evaluating Significant Figures
Nonzero digits – all nonzero digits are a. 124 ml has three significant figures
significant NONZERO DIGITS b. 6.453 mm has four significant figures
Captive zeros – zeros between nonzero are a. 8.09 g has three sig. figures
significant. CAPTIVE ZEROS b. 236.05 m has five sig. figures
a. 0.04 g has one sig. figures
Leading zeros – zeros to the left of the first b. 0.00373 m has three sig. figures
nonzero digit are not significant. They are
LEADING
placeholders and are usedZEROS
to locate a decimal
point.
Trailing zeros – zeros at the end of a number a. .500 g has three sig. figures
and to the right of a decimal point are b. 125.00 ml has five significant figures
significant.
TRAILING ZEROS a. The zeros in numbers that do not have a
decimal point such as 200 m, 5000 m, and
Final zeros – zeros at the end of a number that 12,330 m may or may not be significant.
lies to the left of an understood decimal point The number of significant figures in 5000 m
may or may not be significant can be one, two, three or four. However, if
FINAL ZEROS such zeros were known measured values
then they would be significant. For
example, if all zeros in 200 were significant,
writing the number in scientific notation as
2.00 x 102 makes it clear that the zeros are
significant.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Determine the number of significant figures.
1. 45.987 g
2. 0.007890 m
3. 23.00056 ml
4. 100.00 cm
5. 67000 L
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Determine the number of significant figures.
1. 45.987 g - 5SF
2. 0.007890 m Nonzero digits – all
3. 23.00056 ml
nonzero digits are
4. 100.00 cm
significant
5. 67000 L
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Determine the number of significant figures.
1. 45.987 g Leading zeros – zeros
2. 0.007890 m
4SF to the left of the first
3. 23.00056 ml nonzero digit are not
4. 100.00 cm significant. They are
placeholders and are
5. 67000 L
used to locate a
decimal point.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Determine the number of significant figures.
1. 45.987 g Captive zeros – zeros
2. 0.007890 m between nonzero are
3. 23.00056 ml 7 SF significant.
4. 100.00 cm
5. 67000 L
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Determine the number of significant figures.
1. 45.987 g
2. 0.007890 m Trailing zeros – zeros
3. 23.00056 ml at the end of a
4. 100.00 cm 5 SF number and to the
right of a decimal
5. 67000 L
point are significant.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Determine the number of significant figures.
1. 45.987 g
2. 0.007890 m Trailing zeros – zeros
3. 23.00056 ml at the end of a
number with no
4. 100.00 cm
5. 67000 L
2 SF explicit decimal point
are not significant.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Addition and Subtraction
When adding or subtracting, the answer has the same number of decimal
places as the number with the fewest decimal places. The number of significant
figures for the result, then, is determined by the usual rules after establishing the
appropriate number of decimal places.

Example:
3.0081 + 7.41 = 10.4181≈10.42 has 2 decimal places and 4
sig. figs.

Multiplication and Division

In multiplication and division, the answer may have no more significant
figures than the number in the chain with the fewest significant figures
Example:
(9.97) (6.5) / 4.321=15 has 2 sig. figs.
English System of Measurements
Prefixes Used with SI UNITS
CHANGING UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
 Dimensional Analysis (using
conversion factors)
CONVERSION FACTOR

1 yd = 3 ft
1 km = 1,000 m
1 kilo = 1,000 grams
 FACTOR UNITS / Dimensional Analysis
• Basic steps for changing units of measurement

Set
Read
upthe
theproblem
problemvery
in a neat,
carefully
organized,
to determine
and logical
whatfashion
is to be,
making
solved
sure for,
thatthen
unwanted
write itunits
down.cancel.

Tabulate the data given in the problem.

Proceed with the necessary mathematical operations.

Determine which principles involved and which unit

relationships are needed
Check the answer toifsolve
to see the problem
it is reasonable
USING THECONVERSION FACTOR

HowUNIT
GIVEN many meters in
DESIRED UNIT
5km x 1,000m
5 km? =5,000m
1km
CONVERSION
FACTOR

CONVERSION
FACTOR
USING THECONVERSION FACTOR
How many seconds

are in 4 years?

4 yrs = 365.25 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 sec

1 yr 1 day 1 hr 1 min
= 126,230,400 sec = 1.3 x 108 sec
DETERMINING DENSITY
 DENSITY
• DENSITY - it is the ratio of the mass of an
object to its volume.

DENSITY = MASS (m)

VOLUME (v)
• Each of these 10-g samples has a different
volume because the densities vary.
Fluids with different
densities
• Density is an intensive property that depends
only on the composition of a substance, not
on the size of the sample.
 Calculating Density
• A copper has a density of 3.1 g and a volume of
0.35 cm3. What is the density of copper?
density = mass = 3.1 g = 8.8571 g/cm3
volume 0.35 cm3
8.9 g/cm3
= Rounded to 2 sig/ fig.
• Use dimensional analysis and the given
densities to make the following conversions.
• A. 14.8 g of boron to cm3 of boron. The density
of born is2.34 g/cm3 .
• B. 4.62 g of mercury to cm3 of mercury. The
density of mercury is 13.5 g/cm3.
 Units of Temperature
• Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold
an object is.
• Scientists commonly use two equivalent units
of temperature the degree Celsius and the
Kelvin.
• On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of Water is
0°C and the boiling point is 100 °C
• On the Kevin Scale, the freezing point of 273.15 °C
and the boiling point is 373.15°C
• The zero on the Kelvin scale, 0 k, or absolute zero
is -273.15°C
• Mercury is a toxic, liquid metal at room
temperature. It has a very high density and as
such as most objects float in mercury including
cannonballs and bricks. The boiling point or
mercury is 357°C. Determine its boiling point in
a) °F and b) K.
• Use the formula on the previous slide.
 Lesson Assessment
I. Give the number of significant figures for
each of the following measured values. Then
round off to three significant figures.
a. 37.66 L c. 0.000554990 kg
b. 82.038 m d. 24.18 °C
 Lesson Assessment
II. Solve the following problems:
A. Mount Bulusan is a composite volcano
that can be found in the province of Sorsogon.
Its height 1565 m above the sea level.
Determine its height in a) km b) nm
 Lesson Assessment
III. Solve the following problems:
B. Carla weighs 114.4 lbs. What is her
weight in kg?
C. Calculate the number of meters in 3.000
miles
 Lesson Assessment
IV. Convert the following:
a. Convert 75 °F to degrees Celsius
b. Convert 800°C to °F