Object Oriented Programming (CoSc2082)

Chapter 1
Introduction

1
Objectives
After studying this chapter, students should be able to:
 Learn about Programming Paradigms
 Structured Vs Object-Oriented paradigm

 Understand OOP Concepts and Features

 Fundamental Java Programming Structures:
 Tokens: Identifiers, Separators, Operators, keywords & Literals
 Constants, variables and primitive data types
 The main() method
 Control statements: if, switch, while, do…while, for and Jumps in loops
 Array & Strings in java

2
Programming Paradigms
 Programming Paradigm is a way of conceptualizing what it
means to perform computation and how tasks to be carried out
and organized on a computer.
Structured Programming
 Problem solving would involve the analysis of processes in
terms of the procedural tasks carried out and the production of a
system whose representation is based on the procedural flow of
the processes.
 data was separate from code.
 programmer is responsible for organizing everything in to
logical units of code/data
 A procedural program is divided into functions, and (ideally, at
least) each function has a clearly defined purpose & a clearly
defined interface to the other functions in the program.
3
Contd…
Disadvantages of Structured Programming
1. Unrestricted Access
 Functions have unrestricted access to global data.
2. Real-World Modeling
 Unrelated functions and data, the basics of the procedural paradigm,
provide a poor model of the real world.
3. Difficult of Creating New Data Types
 Traditional languages are not extensible because they will not let you
create new data types.

4
Contd…
OOP Approach
 A modern programming paradigm that allows the Programmer
to model a problem in a real-world fashion as an object.
 Major objective is to eliminate some of the flaws encountered
in the procedural approach.
 OOP allows us to decompose a problem into number of entities
called objects and then build data and methods (functions)
around these entities.
 The data of an object can be accessed only by the methods
associated with the object
 Follows bottom-up approach in program design

5
Contd…
Features of OOP
 Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
 Programs are divided into objects.
 Data Structures are designed such that they characterize the
objects.
 Methods that operate on the data of an object are tied together
in the data structure.
 Data is hidden and can not be accessed by external functions.
 Objects may communicate with each other through methods.

6
Basic OOP Concepts
The following are the basic OOP concepts:
1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data Abstraction
4. Data Encapsulation
5. Inheritance
6. Polymorphism
7. Dynamic Binding
8. Message Passing
7
Contd…
1. Object
 An object is an any real world entity which may represent place, person,
data item related to program.
 An object has state, behavior and identity.
 Ex. A ‘Mouse’ object has,
State: moving or working
Behavior: picking or pointing an object on the screen
Identity: color, company, Identification No. etc.
 An object is a variable/instance of class.
 An object is a run-time entity.
2. Class
 Is the template or blueprint that defines the states and the behaviors
common to all objects of a certain kind.
 It is a collection of objects of similar type.
 Classes are user-defined data types & behave like the built-in types of
programming language.
8
Contd…
3. Data Abstraction
 Abstraction means representing essential features without

including the background details or explanations

 A classes can use the concept of Abstraction and are defined as

list of abstract data and functions to operate on these data.

 Since the classes use the concept of Data Abstraction, they are

known as Abstract Data Type(ADT).

4. Data Encapsulation
 The wrapping up of data and methods into a single unit (called

class) is known as encapsulation.

 This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is

called data hiding.

9
Contd…
5. Inheritance
 Is the process by which objects of one class acquire the
properties of objects of another class.
 It provides the idea of reusability( reusing the code)
6. Polymorphism
 In polymorphism, ‘Poly’ means many and ‘morph’ means
forms, i.e. many forms.
 Is the ability to take more than one form. It allows a function
responding in different ways.
7. Dynamic Binding
 Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given
procedure call is not known until the time of the call at
runtime.
 Memory is allocated at runtime not at compile time. 10
Contd…
8. Message Passing
 The process of invoking an operation of an object is called

Massage Passing.
 In response to the given massage, the respective method or

operation is called.
 OOPs includes objects which communicates by sending/

receiving information with each other.

 Message Passing involves specifying the name of the object,

the name of the function (message) and the information to be

sent.
employee.salary (name);
 A message for an object is a request for the execution of a

procedure.

11
Introduction to Java
 Java is an Object Oriented Programming language developed
by Sun Microsystems in the year 1991.
 Initially it was named as “Oak” by James Gosling
 In 1995, “Oak” is renamed to “Java” because the name “Oak”
did not survive legal registration.
 James Gosling and his team members were consuming a lot of
coffee while developing this language.
 Good quality of coffee was supplied from a place called “Java
Island’. Hence they fixed the name of the language as Java. The
symbol for Java language is cup and saucer.
 Sun formally announced Java at Sun World conference in 1995.
On January 23rd 1996, JDK1.0 version was released.

12
Features of Java (Java Buzzwords)
 Simple: Learning and practicing Java is easy because of
resemblance with C and C++.
 Object Oriented: Unlike C++, Java is purely OOP.
 Distributed: Java is designed for use on network; it has an
extensive library which works in agreement with TCP/IP.
 Secure: Java is designed for use on Internet. Java enables the
construction of virus-free, tamper free systems.
 Robust (Strong/ Powerful): Java programs will not crash
because of its exception handling and its memory management
features.
 Portable: Java does not have implementation dependent
aspects and it gives same result on any machine.

13
Contd…
 Interpreted: Java programs are compiled to generate the byte
code(.class file). This byte code can be interpreted by the
interpreter contained in JVM.
 Architectural Neutral Language: Java byte code is not
machine dependent, it can run on any machine with any
processor and with any OS.
 High Performance: Along with interpreter there will be JIT
(Just In Time) compiler which enhances the speed of execution.
 Multithreaded: Executing different parts of a program
simultaneously is called multithreading. This is an essential
feature to design server side programs.
 Dynamic: We can develop programs in Java which
dynamically change on Internet (e.g.: Applets).

14
Java Environment
 Java Environment includes a large number of development tools
and hundreds of classes and methods.
 The development tools are part of the system known as Java
Development Kit (JDK) and the classes and methods are part of
the Java Standard Library (JSL), also known as Application
Programming Interface (API).
 JDK comes with a collection of tools that are used for developing
and running java programs:
 appleviewer (for viewing java applets )
 javac (java compiler)
 java (java interpreter)
 javap (java disassembler)
 javah (for C header files)
 javadoc (for creating HTML documents)
 jdb (Java debugger)
15
Java API
 It includes hundreds of classes and methods grouped into
several functional packages.
 Most commonly used packages are:
 Language Support Package: a collection of classes and methods required
for implementing basic features of java.
 Utilities Package: a collection of classes to provide utility functions such
as date and time functions.
 Input/output Package: a collection of classes required for input/output
manipulation.
 Networking Package: a collection of classes for communicating with
other computers via Internet.
 AWT Package (Abstract Window Tool kit package): contains classes that
implements platform-independent graphical user interface.
 Applet Package: includes set of classes that allows us to create java
applets.

16
Programming Structure
 In Java programming language:
 A program is made up of one or more classes
 A class contains one or more methods
 A method contains program statements
 In Java, first we need to import the required packages. By
default, java.lang.* is imported. Java has several such packages
in its library.
 A package is a kind of directory that contains a group of related
classes and interfaces. A class or interface contains methods.
 Since Java is purely an Object Oriented Programming language,
we cannot write a Java program without having at least one
class or object. So, it is mandatory to write a class in Java
program. We should use class keyword for this purpose and
then write class name.
17
Contd…
// comments about the class
class header
public class Class-name
{

// comments about the method

public static void main (String[] args)
class body
{
method header
method body
}

Comments can be placed almost anywhere

18
First Java Program
// MyProgram.java
public class Sample
{
public static void main( String args[])
{
System.out.println(“ Hello World! “);
}
}
Let us discuss the program line by line:
 Class Declaration: the first line class Sample declares a class,

which is an object constructor. Class is keyword and declares a

new class definition and Sample is a java identifier that
specifies the name of the class to be defined.

19
Contd…
 Braces : Every class definition in java begins with an opening
brace “{“ and ends with a closing brace “}”.
 The main line: the third line public static void main(String args[])
defines a method named as main, is the starting point for the
interpreter to begin the execution of the program.
 public: is an access specifier that declares the main method as
“unprotected” and therefore making it accessible to all other
classes.
 static: declares that this method as one that belongs to the entire
class and not a part of any objects of the class.
 Main must always be declared as static since the interpreter

uses this method before any objects are created.

 void : states that the main method does not return any value (but
prints some text to the screen.)
20
Contd…
 All parameters to a method are declared inside a pair of
parenthesis. Here, String args[ ] declares a parameter named
args, which contains array of objects of the class type String.
 The Output Line: The only executable statement in the program
is System.out.println(“Hello World!” );
 This is similar to cout<< constructor of C++.
 The println method is a member of the out object, which is a
static data member of System class.

21
Java Program Structure

Documentation Section Suggested

Optional
Package Statement

Optional
Import Statements

Optional
Interface Statements

Class Definitions Optional

Main Method class

{ Essential
Main Method Definition
}

22
Documentation Section
 Comprises a set of comment lines giving the name of the
program, the author and other details, which the programmer
would like to refer at a later stage.
 Comments are description about the aim and features of the
program.
 Comments increase readability of a program.
 Java supports three types of comments:
1. Single line comment //
2. Multiple line comment /*………………
………………*/
3. Documentation comment /**….*/
 This form of comment is used for generating documentation
automatically.

23
Package Statement
 Is the first statement in Java file and is optional.
 It declares a package name and informs the compiler that the
classes defined here belong to this package.
Example: package student;

Import statements
 Next to package statements (but before any class definitions) a
number of import statements may exist. This is similar to
#include statements in C or C++.
 Using import statements we can have access to classes that are
part of other named packages.
Example: import java.lang.Math;

24
Interface Statements
 An interface is like a class but includes a group of method
declarations.
 is also an optional section.
 is used only when we wish to implement the multiple inheritance
features in the program

Class Definitions
 A Java program may contain multiple class definitions.
 Classes are the primary and essential elements of a Java
program.
 These classes are used to map objects of real-world problems.
 The number of classes depends on the complexity of the
problem.

25
Main Method
 Since every Java stand-alone program requires a main method as
its starting point, this class is the essential part of a Java
program.
 A simple Java program may contain only this part.
 The main method creates objects of various classes and
establishes communications between them.
 On reaching the end of main, the program terminates and control
passes back to the operating system.

26
Creating a Source File
 Type the program in a text editor (i.e. Notepad, WordPad,
Microsoft Word or Edit Plus).
 We can launch the Notepad editor from the Start menu by selecting
Programs > Accessories > Notepad. In a new document, type the
above code (i.e. Sample Program).
 Save the program with filename same as Class_name (i.e.
Sample.java) in which main method is written. To do this in
Notepad, first choose the File > Save menu item. Then, in the
Save dialog box:
 Using the Save in combo box, specify the folder (directory)
where you'll save your file.
 In this example, the directory is JQR on the D drive.
 In the File name text field, type "Sample.java", including the
quotation marks. Then the dialog box should look like this:

27
Contd…

Now click Save, and exit Notepad.

28
Executing the Source File
 To Compile the Sample.java program go to DOS prompt. We
can do this from the Start menu by choosing Run... and then
entering cmd. The window should look similar to the following
figure.

 The prompt shows current directory. To compile Sample.java

source file, change current directory to the directory where
Sample.java file is located. For example, if source directory is
JQR on the D drive, type the following commands at the
prompt and press Enter:

 Now the prompt should change to D:\JQR> 29

Contd…
 At the prompt, type the following command and press Enter:
javac Sample.java

 The compiler generates byte code and Sample.class will be

created.
 To run the program, enter java followed by the class name
created at the time of compilation at the command prompt in
the same directory as: java Sample

 The program interpreted and the output is displayed.

30
Java Tokens
 A class in java is defined by a set of declaration statements and
methods containing executable statements.
 Most statements contain expressions, which describe the actions
carried out on data.
 Smallest individual units in a program are known as tokens.
 In simplest terms, a java program is a collection of tokens,
comments, and white spaces.
 Java has five types of tokens: Reserved Keywords, Identifiers,
Literals, Separators and Operators .

31
1. Keywords
 Are essential part of a language definition and can not be used as
names for variables, classes, methods and so on.
 Java language has reserved 60 words as keywords.

32
2. Identifiers
 Are programmer-designed tokens.
 Are used for naming classes, methods, variables, objects,
labels, packages and interfaces in a program.
 Java identifiers follow the following rules:
 They can have alphabets, digits, and the underscore and
dollar sign characters.
 They must not begin with a digit
 Uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct.
 They can be of any length.
33
 POP QUIZ

 Which of the following are valid Identifiers?

1) $amount 5) score
2) 6tally 6) first Name
3) my*Name 7) total#
4) salary 8) cast

34
3. Literals
 Literals in Java are a sequence of characters(digits, letters and
other characters) that represent constant values to be stored in
variables.
 Five major types of literals in Java:
I. Integer Literals: refers to a sequence of digits (decimal
integer, octal integer and hexadecimal integer)
II. Floating-point Literals
III.Character Literals
IV.String Literals
V. Boolean Literals 35
4. Separators
 Are symbols used to indicate where groups of code are divided
and arranged.
 They basically define the shape and functions of our code.
 Java separators include:
I. Parenthesis ( ) :- used to enclose parameters, to define
precedence in expressions, surrounding cast types
II. Braces { } :- used to contain the values of automatically
initialized arrays and to define a block of code for classes,
methods and local scopes.

36
Contd…
III.Brackets [ ] :- are used to declare array types and for
dereferencing array values.
IV. Semicolon ; :- used to separate statements.
V. Comma , :- used to separate consecutive identifiers in a
variable declaration, also used to chain statements together
inside a “for” statement.
VI.Period . :- Used to separate package names from sub-package
names and classes; also used to separate a variable or method
from a reference variable.

37
5. Operators
 Are symbols that take one or more arguments (operands) and
operates on them to a produce a result.
 Are used to in programs to manipulate data and variables.
 They usually form a part of mathematical or logical
expressions.
 Expressions can be combinations of variables, primitives and
operators that result in a value.

38
Java Operators
 There are 8 different groups of operators in Java:
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational operators
 Logical operators
 Assignment operator
 Increment/Decrement operators
 Conditional operators
 Bitwise operators
 Special operators
39
A. Arithmetic Operators
 Java has five basic arithmetic operators
Operator Meaning
+ Addition or unary plus
– Subtraction or unary minus
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo division
 They all work the same way as they do in other languages.
 We cannot use these operators on boolean type .
 Unlike C and C++, modulus operator can be applied to the
floating point data.
 Order of operations (or precedence) when evaluating an
expression is the same as you learned in school (BODMAS).

40
B. Relational Operators
 Relational operators compare two values
 Produces a boolean value (true or false) depending on
the relationship.
 Java supports six relational operators:
Operator Meaning
< Is less than
<= Is less than or equal to
> Is greater than
>= Is greater than or equal to
== Is equal to
!= Is not equal to

 Relational expressions are used in decision statements

such as, if and while to decide the course of action of a
running program. 41
Examples of Relational Operations

int x = 3;
int y = 5;
boolean result;

1) result = (x > y);

now result is assigned the value false because 3 is not greater than 5

2) result = (15 == x*y);

now result is assigned the value true because the product of 3 and 5
equals 15

3) result = (x != x*y);
now result is assigned the value true because the product of x and y
(15) is not equal to x (3)

42
C. Logical Operators
Symbol Name
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT

 Logical operators can be referred to as boolean operators,

because they are only used to combine expressions that have a
value of true or false.
 The logical operators && and || are used when we want to
form compound conditions by combining two or more
relations.
 An expression which combines two or more relational
expressions is termed as a logical expression or a
compound relational expression.
43
Examples of Logical Operators
boolean x = true;
boolean y = false;
boolean result;

1.Let result = (x && y);

now result is assigned the value false

(see truth table!)

2.Let result = ((x || y) && x);

(x || y) evaluates to true
(true && x) evaluates to true

now result is assigned the value true

44
4. Assignment Operator
 Are used to assign the value of an expression to a variable.
 In addition to the usual assignment operator(=), java has a set
of ‘shorthand’ assignment operators which are used in the
form:
var op = expr ;
Where var is a variable, op is a binary operator and expr
is an expression. The operator op = is known as shorthand
assignment operator.
 The assignment statement: var op= expr; is
equivalent to var=var op(expr);
 Examples:
x += y + 5; is equivalent to x = x+(y+5);
y *= 7; is equivalent to y = y * 7;
45
5. Increment/Decrement Operators
count = count + 1;
can be written as:
++count; or count++;
++ is called the increment operator.

count = count - 1;
can be written as:
--count; or count--;
-- is called the decrement operator.

 Both ++ and -- are unary operators.

46
Increment/Decrement operator has two forms:
 The prefix form ++count, --count
first adds/subtracts1 to/from the variable and then continues to
any other operator in the expression
int numOranges = 5;
int numApples = 10;
int numFruit;
numFruit = ++numOranges + numApples;
numFruit has value 16
numOranges has value 6
 The postfix form count++, count--
first evaluates the expression and then adds 1 to the variable
int numOranges = 5;
int numApples = 10;
int numFruit;
numFruit = numOranges++ + numApples;
numFruit has value 15
numOranges has value 6
47
6. Conditional Operators
 The character pair ?: is a ternary operator available in java.
 It is used to construct conditional expression of the form:
exp1 ? exp2: exp3;
where exp1, exp2 and exp3 are expressions.
 The operator ?: works as follows:
 exp1 is evaluated first. If it is nonzero (true), then the
expression exp2 is evaluated and becomes the value of the
conditional expression. exp3 is evaluated and becomes the value
of the conditional expression if exp1 is false.
 Example:
Given a=10, b=15 the expression
x=(a>b)? a:b; will assign the value of
b to x. i.e. x=b=15;
48
6. Bitwise Operators
 One of the unique features of java compared to other high-level
languages is that it allows direct manipulation of individual bits
within a word.
 Bitwise operators are used to manipulate data at values of bit level.
 They are used for testing the bits, or shifting them to the right or left.
 They may not be applied to float or double data types.
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
~ One’s complement
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
>>> Shift right with zero fill

49
7. Special Operators
 Java supports some special operators of interest such as
instanceof operator and member selection operator(.).

7.1 instanceof Operator: is an object reference operator and

returns true if the object on the left-hand side is an instance of the class
given on the right-hand side.
Example : person instanceof student;
is true if the object person belongs to the class student; otherwise it is false

7.2 Dot Operator: is used to access the instance variables and methods
of class objects.
Example:
person.age; // Reference to the variable age.
person1.salary(); // Reference to the method salary.

50
Type Conversion in Expressions
A.Automatic Type Conversion: If the operands of an
expression are of different types, the ‘lower’ type is automatically
converted to the ‘higher’ type before the operation proceeds. That

is, the result is of the ‘higher’ type.

Example :

int a=110;
float b=23.5;
the expression a+b yields a floating point number 133.5 since the
‘higher’ type here is float.

51
Contd…
B.Casting a value: is used to force type conversion.
 The general form of a cast is:
(type-name)expression;
where type-name is one of the standard data types.
Example :

x=(int)7.5; will assign 7 to x

a=(int)21.3/(int)3.5; a will be 7

52
Operator Precedence and Associativity.
Operator Description Associativity Rank
. Member Selection
() Function call
Left to right 1
[] Array elements reference
- Unary Minus
++ Increment
-- Decrement
Right to left 2
! Logical negation
~ One’s complement
(type) Casting
* Multiplication
Left to right 3
/ Division
% Modulus

53
Contd…
Operator Description Associativity Rank
+ Addition
Left to right 4
- Subtraction
<< Left Shift
Left to right 5
>> Right Shift
>>> Right shift with zero fill
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than Left to right 6
>= Greater than or equal to
instanceof Type comparison
== Equality
Left to right 7
!= Inequality

54
Operator Precedence and Associativity
Operator Description Associativity Rank
& Bitwise AND Left to right 8
^ Bitwise XOR Left to right 9
| Bitwise OR Left to right 10

&& Logical AND Left to right 11

|| Logical OR Left to right 12

?: Conditional Operator Left to right 13
= Assignment operator Left to right 14
Op= Shorthand Left to right 15
assignment

55
 POP QUIZ
1) What is the value of number? -12
int number = 5 * 3 – 3 / 6 – 9 * 3;
2) What is the value of result?
int x = 8; false
int y = 2;
boolean result = (15 == x * y);

3) What is the value of result? true

boolean x = 7;
boolean result = (x < 8) && (x > 4);

4) What is the value of numCars?

int numBlueCars = 5; 27
int numGreenCars = 10;
int numCars = numGreenCars++ + numBlueCars + +
+numGreeenCars;

56
Variables
 A variable is an identifier that denotes a storage location used
to store a data value.
 Unlike constants, that remain unchanged during the execution
of a program, a variable may take different values at different
times during the execution of the program.
 It is good practice to select variable names that give a good
indication of the sort of data they hold:
 For example, if you want to record the size of a hat,

hatSize is a good choice for a name whereas qqq would

be a bad choice.

57
Contd…
 Variable names may consist of alphabets, digits, the underscore
(_) and dollar ($) characters, subject to the following conditions:
1. They should not begin with a digit.
2. Keywords should not be used as a variable name.
3. White spaces are not allowed.
4. Uppercase and lowercase are distinct. i.e. A rose is not a
Rose is not a ROSE.
5. Variable names can be of any length.

58
Data Types
 Every variable in Java has a data type.
 Data types specify the size and type of values that can be
stored.
 Java is language is rich in the data types.
 Java data types are of two type:
 Primitive Data Types (also called intrinsic or built-in data
types)
 Non-Primitive data Types (also known as Derived or
reference types)
59
 Data Types in Java

Primitive Non-Primitive
(Intrinsic) (Derived)

Numeric Non-Numeric Classes Arrays

Interfaces
Integer Floating-Point Character Boolean

Data Types in Java

60
Primitive Data Types
 There are eight built-in data types in Java:
• 4 integer types (byte, short, int, long)
• 2 floating point types (float, double)
• Boolean (boolean)
• Character (char)
 All variables must be declared with a data type before they
are used.
 Each variable's declared type does not change over the
course of the program.

61
A. Integer Data types
 There are four data types that can be used to store integers.
 The one you choose to use depends on the size of the number
that we want to store.

62
B. Floating-Point Types
 Integer types can hold only whole numbers and therefore we
need another type known as floating point type to hold numbers
containing fractional parts.
 There are two data types that can be used to store decimal values
(real numbers).

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C. Character Type
 Is used to store character constants in memory.
 Java provides a character data type called char
 The char data type assumes a size of 2 bytes but, basically, it can
hold only a single character.
 Note that you need to use singular quotation marks while
initializing a variable whose data type is char.
Example:
char firstLetterOfName = 'e' ;
char myQuestion = '?' ;

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D. Boolean Type
 Boolean is a data type used when we want to test a particular
condition during the execution of the program.
 There are only two values that a Boolean can take: true or
false.
 Boolean type is denoted by the keyword boolean and uses
only one bit of storage.
 All comparison operators return boolean type values.
 Boolean values are often used in selection and iteration
statements.

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Declaration of Variables
 After designing suitable variable names, we must declare them to
the compiler. Declaration does three things:
1. It tells the compiler what the variable name is
2. It specifies what type of data the variable will hold
3. The place of declaration (in the program) declares the scope of the variable.

 A variable must be declared before it is used in the program.

 The general form of declaration of Variables is:
type variable1, variable2,...., variableN;

Example:
int count, x,y; //Declaration
char firstLetterOfName = 'e' ; // Declaration & initialization
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Assigning Values to Variables
 A variable must be given a value after it has been declared but

before it is used in an expression in two ways:

 By using an assignment statement
 By using a read statement
Assignment Statement
 A simple method of giving value to a variable is through the
assignment statement as follows:
variableName = value;
Example: x = 123, y = -34;
 It is possible to assign a value to a variable at the time of
declaration as:
type variableName = value;
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Read Statement
 It is also to assign value for variables interactively through the
keyboard using the readLine() method which belongs to the
DataInputStream class.
 The readLine() method reads the input from the keyboard as a
string which is then converted into the corresponding data type
using the data type wrapper classes.
 The wrapper classes are contained in the java.lang package.
 Wrapper classes wrap a value of the primitive types into an
object.
 The keywords try and catch are used to handle any errors that
might occur during the reading process.

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// A program to read data from the Keyboard
import java.io.DataInputStream;
public class Reading{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);
int intNumber=0;
float floatNumber=0.0f;
double doubleNumber=0.0;
String Name=null;
try{
System.out.println("Enter your Name: ");
Name=in.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter an Integer Number: ");
intNumber=Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a float Number: ");
floatNumber=Float.parseFloat(in.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a Double Number Number: ");
doubleNumber=Double.parseDouble(in.readLine());
}
catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println("Hello : "+Name);
System.out.println("The Integer Number is : "+intNumber);
System.out.println("The Float Number is : "+floatNumber);
System.out.println("The Double Number is : "+doubleNumber);
}
}
Scope of Variables
1. Instance Variables: are declared in a class, but outside a method,
constructor or any block.
• are created when an object is created with the use of the key word 'new' and
destroyed when the object is destroyed.
• They take different values for each object

2. Class Variables: are also known as static variables, are declared with
the static keyword in a class, but outside a method, constructor or a
block.
• Are global to a class and belong to the entire set of objects that class creates.
• Only one memory location is created for each class variable.

3. Local Variables: are variables declared and used inside methods.

• Can also be declared inside program blocks that are define between { and }.

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