IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION USING WIDE

AREA MONITORING SYSTEMS
PRESENTED BY
A B H I N AV T
VDA20EE002

UNDER THE GUIDELINES OF

MS.RILNA K
A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R

D E PA R T M E N T O F E L E C T R I C A L A N D E L E C T R O N I C S
ENGINEERING
C O L L E G E O F E N G I N E E R I N G VA D A K A R A
CONTENTS

• Introduction

• Literature Survey

• Wide Area Monitoring

• Challenges Faced by Power System Protection

• Enhancing Protection with Wide Area Monitoring

• Conclusion

• Reference
INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEMS PROTECTION

• Power system protection safeguards against faults and abnormalities.

• Special hardware is used for both primary and backup protection.

• The main goal of protection is to prevent the continuation of fault

current flow.

• Protection quickly disconnects the short circuit path from the system.
 LITERATURE SURVEY
Reference Paper Critical Features Algorithm/Hardware Implemented

[1] Phadke AG, Thorp JS, Adamiak The theoretical basis of these Plans for future
MG (1983) A new measurement Computations and describes the field tests on the AEP system are also
technique for tracking voltage results of experiments performed in outlined.
phasors, local system frequency, and the AEP power system
rate of change of frequency. IEEE simulation laboratory.
Trans Power Appar Syst
102(5):1025-1038.

[2] Arun G. PHADKE , Peter Includes monitoring the suitability of Intelligent system protection and the
WALL , Lei DING , Vladimir relay characteristics, creation of a novel system integrity
TERZIJA, "Improving the Supervisory control of backup protection scheme.
performance of power system protection, more adaptive.
protection using wide area
monitoring systems" J. Mod. Power
Syst. Clean Energy (2016) 4(3):319–
331
Reference Paper Critical Features Algorithm/Hardware
Implemented

[3] Phadke ag (2002) synchronized Historical overview of the PMU It is pointed out that the PMU is a
phasor measurement-an historical development. direct descendant of the symmetrical
overview. in: proceedings of the ieee component distance relay introduced
pes transmission and distribution in the late 1970s.
conference and exhibition 2002: asia
pacific, vol 1, yokohama, japan,
6–10 oct 2002, pp 476–479

[4] Terzija v, Valerde g, cai dy et al The technological and application A strategy for developing a
(2011) wide-area monitoring, issues are addressed of wide area WAMPAC system
protection, and control of future monitoring,protection and control
electric power networks. proc
ieee 99(1):80–93
OBJECTIVES

• Avoiding inappropriate relay settings for the prevailing system

conditions.
• Managing wide area disturbances.
• Mitigating the impact of hidden failures.
• Ensuring a suitable balance between the security and dependability
of protection.
WIDE AREA MONITORING SYSTEMS WITH PMU
WIDE AREA MONITORING SYSTEMS

• Uses geographically dispersed PMUs or Synchrophasors (ie; time-

tagged power data).
• PMUs send data to PDCs (Phasor Data Concentrators).
• PDCs handle and store synchronized Phasor measurements.
• PMU data is time-synced to UTC using GPS.
• Simultaneous Phasor measurements provide snapshots of monitored
nodes.
FAILURES IN POWER SYSTEMS

• CASCADE FAILURES
• INAPPROPRIATE OPERATION OF RELAYS
• HIDDEN FAILURES
TYPES OF BACKUP PROTECTION

1.Novel System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)

2.Adaptive System Protection
3.Supervisory Scheme for Backup Protection
4.Non-behavioral Enhancements
1.Novel System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)
• Deploy diverse actions to prevent cascading failures.
• Designed for comprehensive protection.
2.Adaptive System Protection:
• Incorporates adaptive under-frequency load shedding.
• Enhances system resilience dynamically.
3.Supervisory Schemes for Backup Protection:
• Improves security of existing backup protection measures.
• Strengthens overall system defense.
4.Non-behavioral Enhancements:
• Methods that augment understanding of system protection.
• Enhance knowledge without altering protection behavior.
ENHANCING PROTECTION WITH WIDEAREA MONITORING

1.Protection Goal:
• Safeguard individual power system elements and overall system security.
2.Primary Equipment Protection:
• Requires very fast response to faults.
• Limited role for wide area monitoring.
3.Backup Protection:
• Slower response but protects a system zone.
• Wide area monitoring enhances performance.
4.System Survival in Extreme Conditions:
• Achieved through high built-in redundancy and strength.
• Critical for handling wide area disturbances effectively.
 ADVANCED FORMS OF SYSTEM PROTECTION :
• Adaptive relays that update their settings as the system state changes.
• Improved protection of multi terminal lines.
• Adaptive end of line protection that monitors the remote breaker, if it is open
the under reaching Zone 1 is replaced with an instantaneous characteristic.
• Temporarily adapt relay settings to prevent mal operation during cold load
pickup.
• Use the ability of digital relays to self-monitor to identify hidden failures and
use the hot swap functionality offered by International Electro technical
Commission to remove them.
• Intelligent controlled islanding that preempts an uncontrolled system
separation by implementing an adaptive controlled separation
ALARMING AGAINST THE RISK OF RELAY CHARACTERISTIC
PENETRATION

• Objective:
• Detect when the impedance observed by a relay is close to the relay
characteristic.
• Conditions:
• This detection occurs under non-faulty conditions.

• Purpose:
• Alert protection engineers when the relay setting may be unsuitable.

• Action:
• The information about approaching the relay characteristic triggers an alarm.
PREVENTING LOAD ENCROACHMENT

• Heavily loaded lines can affect relay settings, causing incorrect

tripping during stress and power swings.
• Digital relays with computational power can address this issue.
• Real-time load measurements help prevent load encroachment by
adjusting relay input for load current.
• This ensures more accurate and appropriate relay operations,
avoiding unnecessary tripping.
 ADJUSTING THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE SECURITY AND
DEPENDABILITY OF PROTECTION

• Balancing dependability and security is a major challenge in protection design.

• Favoring dependability during wide area disturbances can lead to incorrect tripping.

• Would be beneficial to prioritize security over dependability during stressed conditions.

• The shift is proposed when conditions indicate an increased risk of maloperations or reveal
hidden failures.

• Wide area measurements can be employed to detect stressed conditions in the system.

• In response to detected stress, the protection philosophy can be adjusted to prioritize security
over dependability.
 INTELLIGENT UNDER FREQUENCY LOAD SHEDDING

• Last Line of Defense

• Trigger Mechanism
• Effectiveness of Quick Response
• Balancing Act
• load shedding serves as the last resort for extreme under-frequency
situations, often implemented in stages triggered by frequency
thresholds. The challenge lies in finding the right balance between the
benefits of a faster response and the potential risk of shedding more
load than necessary.
ADVANCED LOAD SHEDDING SCHEMES THAT USE WAM TO REDUCE THE
AMOUNT OF LOAD SHED BY:

• Adapting the amount of load shed to the prevailing system conditions, e.g. inertia.
• Initiating the load shedding more quickly.
• Initiating the load shedding more quickly can be achieved by using event based
signals or by using more complex triggering signals .
• Furthermore, the amount of load shed can be adapted to the size of the disturbance
and system inertia using wide area measurements.
• Examples of this work include the adaption of shedding based on measurements of
rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) immediately after the disturbance.
• Quick measuring of RoCoF is very challenging. But it is easily measured by PMUs
which are adopted in WAPS.
SYSTEM INTEGRITY PROTECTIONSCHEMES (SIPS)

• SIPS protect power system security from extreme contingencies or wide area
disturbances that are beyond the scope of traditional protection.
The stages involved in the execution of a SIPS are:
• 1.Identification and prediction of stressed conditions,
• 2.Classification of the threat to system security,
• 3.Decisions and actions,
• 4.Coordination, and
• 5.Correction.
• Examples of SIPS : generator rejection, load rejection..
• SIPS is used of their ability, such as availability of real time wide area
measurements.
CONCLUSION
• Wide Area Monitoring (WAM) provides opportunities to improve backup protection
in power systems
• WAM helps in lowering the risk of backup relays malfunctioning, ensuring more
reliable system operation.
• WAM minimizes the impact of hidden failures, addressing issues that may not be
immediately apparent.
• WAM facilitates the development of tools to effectively manage large-scale
disturbances, enhancing the system's overall resilience.
• The primary goal of wide area monitoring in protection is to enhance the resilience
of power systems during challenging conditions and widespread disturbances.
• Thoughtful implementation of WAM is expected to reduce the occurrence and
severity of blackouts.
• WAM contributes to faster service restoration by addressing disturbances at a
system-wide level rather than isolating individual faults.
REFERENCES

[1] Phadke AG, Thorp JS, AdamiakMG (1983) A new measurement technique for
tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency, and rate of change of frequency. IEEE
Trans Power Appar Syst 102(5):1025-1038.
[2] Terzija V, Valerde G, Cai DY et al (2011) Wide-area monitoring, protection, and
control of future electric power networks. Proc IEEE 99(1):80-93
[3] Phadke AG (2002) Synchronized phasor measurements-a historical overview. In:
Proceedings of the IEEE PES transmission and distribution conference and exhibition
2002: Asia Pacific, vol 1, Yokohama, Japan, 6-10 Oct 2002, pp 476-479.
[4] Phadke AG (2008) The wide world of wide-area measurement. IEEE Power Energy
Mag 6(5):52-65.
[5] Horowitz SH, Phadke AG (2006) Third zone revisited. IEEE Trans Power Deliv
21(1):23-29.
THANKYOU