Unit 1

Advanced cellular mobile communication systems

WEEK 1 : Overview of the legacy 3GPP cellular systems, WiMAX systems:

Introduction

WEEK 2 : WiMAX systems: Architecture, Frame structure, Applications

WEEK 3:LTE systems: Introduction, Architecture, Frame structure and applications

These slides contains copyrighted materials from - Andrea Molisch, “Wireless

Communication”, Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2013.

Text books, references:

1. Andrea Molisch, “Wireless Communication”, Cambridge University Press, 2nd
edition, 2013.
 WEEK 2 LECTURES
WiMAX systems: Architecture, Frame structure,
Applications
 WiMAX systems

• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a

wireless communications standard for Metropolitan Area Networks
(MANs), e.g., networks covering whole cities or even whole
countries.
• WiMAX standard was originally intended for data communications;
voice is more of an afterthought that is enabled by Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) communications. As the emphasis of future
cellular systems will lie on data communications, this is beneficial for
WiMAX.
• The modulation format and multiple-access format of WiMAX, i.e.,
MIMO/OFDM/OFDMA, is more suitable for high-data-rate
communications.
• Frequency Bands – 1.9/2.1/2.5/3.5/5 GHz
 WiMAX systems: Physical layer
• OFDMA PHY. Both Frequency Domain Duplexing (FDD) and Time Domain
Duplexing (TDD) are specified, though TDD is by far the more common
option. In TDD, the time axis is divided into 5 ms frames, which serve first
the downlink (DL) and then the uplink (UL).
• In each of the uplink and downlink parts (subframes), OFDM symbols are
transmitted, where different subcarriers, and different OFDM symbols, are
assigned to different users.
• The subcarriers assigned to a user are either distributed over the available
bandwidth to achieve high frequency and high-interference diversity, or are
all adjacent, so that Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), based on
Channel State Information (CSI) at the TX, can be more easily applied.
• The subframes are divided into zones, and during each zone, the nature of
the assignment of subcarriers to users can be different.
• At the beginning of a frame, a notification MAP is sent out, describing
which subcarriers are intended for which user. Various types of multiple-
antenna techniques can be used for the transmission in both uplink and
downlink.
• Space–time block codes, spatial multiplexing, as well as antenna selection
can be used to increase diversity and data rates
 CSN: Connectivity Service Network
WiMAX System Architecture ASN: Access Service Network
NSP: Network Service Provider
NAP: Network Access Provider
HA: Home Agent, FA: Foreign Agent
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting

Home CSN Visited CSN

HA AAA HA NSP

ASN

ASN GW ASN GW
BS
BS (FA) (FA)

NAP

Mesh
BS
BS BS BS

P2MP or P2P
MS
5
WiMAX systems: Architecture/Network Structure

6
WiMAX systems: Architecture/Network Structure
• A main goal of this architecture is to separate the over-the-air access (the
Access Service Network (ASN) from the Internet access (Connectivity Service
Network (CSN).
• It is a goal that the two networks can be owned by different providers
• The ASN provides the over-the-air connectivity corresponding to the PHY and
MAC layer as defined in the IEEE 802.16 standard, and provides scheduling
and resource management.
• It discovers which networks are available and connects the user to the
preferred (permissible) CSN.
• Each BS is connected to an ASN Gateway, which has somewhat similar
functionality as the BS controller in GSM
• WiMAX defines a number of different functional splits between BS and
Gateway. During network discovery, the Mobile Station (MS) discovers both
the access service provider (which is characterized by a unique 24-bit
“operator ID” in the DL-MAP) and the available Network Service Provider
(NSP).
• The situation is similar to WiFi, where an access point just provides a wireless
link that can be seen as a “cable replacement” for a wired Internet connection;
getting access and making payments to the Internet service provider is
independent of this operation.
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IEEE 802.16 Protocol
Architecture
 Protocol Architecture
 Physical layer functions:
o
Encoding/decoding of signals
o
Preamble generation/removal
o
Bit transmission/reception
 Medium access control layer functions:
o
On transmission, assemble data into a frame with
address and error detection fields
o
On reception, disassemble frame, and perform
address recognition and error detection
o
Govern access to the wireless transmission
medium
 Protocol Architecture
 Convergence layer functions:
o Encapsulate PDU framing of upper
layers into native 802.16 MAC/PHY
frames
o Map upper layer’s addresses into
802.16 addresses
o Translate upper layer QoS parameters into
native 802.16 MAC format
o Adapt time dependencies of upper layer
traffic into equivalent MAC service
 WiMAX frame structure and zones

• The largest fundamental unit in the time–frequency plane is a frame, which is

5-ms long and encompasses all subcarriers.
• Frame is divided into subframes that describe the time (in the TDD mode) for
uplink and downlink.
• Each subframe is divided into permutation zones, during which one particular
subcarrier permutation is used. Figure shows the subdivision of frames into
subframes and permutation zones.

11
• Figure 28.6 shows the detailed frame structure (with only the mandatory zones).
each zone contains user data. It is important to know that the contiguous
arrangement of the data in the time–frequency plane describes logical
subchannels.

12
 WiMAX frame structure and zones
• A user might occupy logical channels 5 and 6; but those logical
subchannels might be mapped to widely distributed (in the time–
frequency plane) physical subcarriers, due to the subcarrier
permutation. In addition to the data bursts for the separate users, a
frame contains preambles and control signaling (DL and UL-MAP,
Frame Control Header (FCH)).
• The FCH is strongly protected: it is sent with Quadrature-Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) modulation with rate 1/2 convolutional code, and in
addition repeated 4 times; the FCH information is sent on 4 subchannels
with successive logical subchannel numbers.
• The FCH contains the DL frame prefix (which state which subchannels
are used for the DL-MAP), and other details about the DL-MAP (length
of the MAP, use of repetition coding, etc.).
• It is always sent on the lowest numbered subchannels after the DL
frame preamble.
• After the FCH, the DL-MAP and the UL-MAP are sent. They specify
which data regions (OFDM symbols and subchannels) are being
assigned to which user for uplink and downlink; note that the MAPs may
be compressed.

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 WiMAX frame structure and zones
• In order to distinguish between subcarriers and subchannels, A
subchannel is a logical unit of data, which is mapped onto a
collection of physical subcarriers (not necessarily contiguous);
• Exact number and arrangement of the subcarriers is defined as the
subcarrier permutation (note that there are several different
subcarrier permutation modes, Partial Use of SubCarriers (PUSC),
Full Usage of SubCarriers (FUSC), and Adaptive Modulation and
Coding (AMC).
• A contiguous (in time and/or frequency) set of subchannels is known
as a data region, and is always transmitted using the same burst
profile (modulation format, code rate, type of code).
• The smallest possible data allocation unit is called a slot. The size of
a slot is defined in units of subchannels (in the frequency domain)
and OFDM symbols (in the time domain).
• The numerical values for the size of a slot depend on the subcarrier
permutation as well as on uplink/downlink;
• Each user is assigned one or multiple slots for communicating its
data. The details of which slots are associated with each user are
communicated in the DL-MAP and UL-MAP fields.

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 WiMAX Supported Applications

Typical applications/services
▪ Broadband Internet access
▪ Real time applications
▪ Video streaming
▪ VoIP, Video on Demand
▪ Telemedicine application/Video Conference
▪ Surveillance and monitoring (forests, volcano, etc.)
▪ Other possible real time complex applications:
▪ E-learning
▪ General applications and services based on IP conectivity
▪ Application types
▪ Legacy ( no direct signalling capabilities for QoS)
• Need an agent to help them
▪ Signalling capable: e.g. SIP based
• Possible direct interaction with control plane for QoS reservation

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 WiMAX Supported Applications- examples
Environmental Monitoring: Volcano Monitoring
Impervious Area (Mobile WiMAX)
User
Movement
WiMAX
Backhaul

Mobile WiMAX 802.16d

Terminal
S
e
n Monitoring Centre
s
o
r
s
802.16e
Telemedicine: Remote Assistance Fire Prevention: Video Surveillance
Patient Location Hospital

VoIP , data, image and video

streaming

Pics - CTRQ Conference June 29 - July 5, 2008 - Bucharest,

16
Romania