Flow Nets

Compaction
vs
consolidation
Field compaction
COMPACTION EQUIPMENTS:
1. Smooth-Wheel / Smooth-Drum Rollers

2. Pneumatic Rubber-Tired Rollers
3. Sheepsfoot Rollers
4. Vibratory Rollers
5. Vibroflotation
6. Dynamic Compaction
7. Blasting
Field compaction
Relative Compaction.
𝛾 𝑑 ( 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑)
𝑅𝐶= 𝑥 100 %
𝛾 𝑑 (𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑙𝑎𝑏 )
for granular soils; 𝑅0

𝑅𝐶=
1 − 𝑅𝐷 (1− 𝑅¿¿ 0) 𝑥 100 % ¿
𝛾 𝑑( 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
𝑅 0=
𝛾 𝑑 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
Problem 1
Laboratory compaction test results for a clayey silt are
given in the following table:
Moisture Content, % Dry Unit Weight, kN/cu.m
6 14.80
8 17.45
9 18.52
11 18.90
12 18.50
14 16.90
Problem 1
Following are the results of a field unit weight
determination test performed on the same soil by means
of sand cone method.
• Calibrated dry density of Ottawa Sand = 1570 kg/cu.m
• Calibrated mass of Ottawa sand to fill the cone = 0.545
kg
• Mass of jar + cone + sand (Before use) = 7.59 kg
• Mass of jar cone + sand (After use) = 4.78 kg
• Mass of moist soil from the hole = 3.007 kg
• Moisture content = 10%
Problem 1
Determine the following:
a. Dry unit weight of compaction in the field.

b. Relative compaction in the field.
Flow Nets
FLOW NETS
FLOW NETS
FLOW NETS
𝑁𝑓
𝑞=√ 𝑘𝐻 𝑘𝑉 𝐻
𝑁𝑑
𝑁𝑓
𝑞=𝑘𝐻
𝑁𝑑
Problem 1
A deposit of cohesionless soil with a permeability of has
a depth of 10 m with an impervious ledge below. A
sheet pile wall is driven into this deposit to a depth of
7.5 m. The wall extends above the surface of the soil
and a 2.5 m depth of water acts on one side. Determine
the seepage quantity per meter length of the wall.
Problem 1
Problem 2
Subsurface Stresses
Geostatic Stress
Stress due to the self-weight of the soil layers.
TOTAL STRESS
Stress due to either self-weight of the soil or due to external
applied forces or due to both.
NEUTRAL STRESS / PORE WATER PRESSURE

Stress carried by the pore water.
EFFECTIVE STRESS
Intergranular pressure, the difference between the total stress and
neutral stress.
Problem 2
Given the soil profile as shown in the Figure.
a. Plot the total, neutral and effective stresses

with depth for the entire soil profile.
b. Plot the total, neutral and effective stresses

with depth if the ground water table rises to
the ground surface.
Capillary Rise in Soil
CAPILLARY RISE
The phenomenon in which water rises above the ground water table
against the pull of gravity, but is in contact with the ground water
table as its source.
CAPILLARY MOISTURE
The water associated with capillary rise.
CAPILLARITY
The phenomenon by virtue of which a liquid rises in capillary tubes,
in general.
Problem 3
A layer of silty soil of thickness 5m lies below the
ground surface at a particular site and below the
silt layer lies clay stratum shown in the figure. The
groundwater table is at a depth of 4m below the
ground surface. Plot the stress diagram and
determine the effective stress at points A, B, C, D
and E
Effects of Flow on Stresses Through
Soil
When water flows through soils, it exerts forces
called seepage forces on the individual soil grains.
Seepage forces affect the intergranular or
effective stresses in the soil mass.
A. NO FLOW
B. DOWNWARD SEEPAGE
C. UPWARD SEEPAGE
Problem 4
The figure shows a layer of granular soil in a tank.
The rate of water supply is kept constant. Evaluate
and analyze stresses for the following conditions:
a. No flow.
b. Downward seepage if head loss is 2.5m.
c. Upward seepage if head loss is 2.5m.
d. Critical hydraulic gradient.
e. Seepage force.
0.5m
1.9m
3
1.1m γsat= 20 kN/m
Relationship between horizontal and
vertical stresses.
σ H = Kσ V
K earth pressure coefficient

Problem 5
For each of the stressed soil elements shown,
determine the following:
a. Major principal stress.

b. Minor principal stress.
c. Maximum shearing stress.
d. Normal stress on plane AB.
e. Shear stress on plane AB.
Soil Element 1 Soil Element 2

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Compaction

1. Smooth-Wheel / Smooth-Drum Rollers

for granular soils; 𝑅0

Determine the following:

a. Dry unit weight of compaction in the field.

NEUTRAL STRESS / PORE WATER PRESSURE

a. Plot the total, neutral and effective stresses

b. Plot the total, neutral and effective stresses

K earth pressure coefficient

a. Major principal stress.

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