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COMPUTER
SYSTEM…
CHAPTER - 1
Computer memory
A computer system needs memory to store the data
and instructions for processing.

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Units of Memory
A computer system uses binary numbers to store
and process data.
The binary digits 0 & 1 are the basic units of
memory and are called bits.
4 bit = 1 nibble
8 bit = 1 byte
KB MB GB TB PB EB ZB YB

KB (Kilobyte) 1 KB = 1024 bytes

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MB(Megabyte) 1 MB = 1024 KB
GB(Gigabyte) 1 GB = 1024 MB
TB(Terabyte) 1 TB = 1024 GB
PB(Petabyte) 1 PB = 1024 TB
EB(Exabyte) 1 EB = 1024 PB
ZB(Zettabyte) 1 ZB = 1024 EB
YB(Yottabyte) 1 YB = 1024 ZB

Bit<Nibble<Byte<KB<MB<GB<TB<PB<EB<ZB<YB
COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer is an electronic device

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that can be programmed to accept
data (input), process it and generate result (output).
A computer along with additional hardware and software
together is called a computer system.
A computer system comprises of a central processing
unit, memory, input/output devices and storage devices.
Computer system comes in various forms like desktop,
laptop, tablets, smart phones, etc.
Block Diagram of Computer System

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Input Devices
The devices through which control signals are sent to a

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computer are termed as input devices.
Some examples are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,
Touch screen, Camera, Micro- phone, Joystick,
Web cam, Track ball, Biometric Sensor,
MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader),
OCR (Optical Character Reader),
OBR (Optical Barcode Reader), etc.
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Central Processing Unit
A central processing unit, also called a central processor

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or main processor, is the most important processor in a
given computer.
Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a
computer program, such as arithmetic, logic,
controlling, and input/output operations.
Three Components-
Register

Control Unit

Arithmetic & Logical Unit

Components of CPU
1. Register – These are small units of data holding places. CPU uses registers to
temporarily hold some important processing information during the time the

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processing is taking place.

2. Control Unit (CU) – The CU send control signals until the required operations
are done properly by ALU and memory. The CU gets program instructions from
memory and executes them one after the other. The CU also controls the flow of
data from input devices to memory and from memory to output devices.

3. Arithmetic & Logical Unit – The ALU performs all the four arithmetic
(+, - , / , *) & some logical (< , > , = ,<= , >= , !=) operations.
For Arithmetic operations, when two numbers are to be added, these numbers
are sent from memory to ALU where addition takes place and the result is put
back in the memory.
For Logical operations, the numbers are to be compared and sent from memory
to ALU where the comparison takes place and the result returns to the memory.
Output Devices
The device that receives data from a computer system to
show the output for display, physical production, etc. is

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called output devices.
Some examples are Monitor, Projector, Headphone, Speaker,
Printer, Plotters, Laser Printer, Ink jet printers, etc.
MONITOR TYPES :
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
LED (Liquid Electrical Diode)
PRINTER TYPES :
Imperet Printer (type writer)
Non-imperet Printer (laptop, computer, etc)
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Output devices
Types of Memory

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1 Primary Memory

2 Secondary Memory
Primary Memory
The primary memory is an essential component of a computer
system.

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Program and data are loaded into the primary memory before
processing.
The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform
read and write operations.
It is temporary (volatile) in nature.
It is also called ‘Main memory’.
It is of two types:
1. Random Access Memory
2.Read Only Memory
Random Access Memory
In this, the memory cells can be accessed for information transfer
from any desired random location. The main drawback of RAM

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memory is that it is a volatile memory. That is, when the power goes
off, the contents of RAM gets erased.

Read Only Memory

It is a memory unit that performs the operation only, it doesn’t have
a write capability. This implies that the binary information stored in
ROM is made permanent during the hardware production of the unit
and cannot be altered by writing different words into it
(hence non-volatile).
Differentiate b/w RAM and ROM:
RAM ROM
1. It is possible for both read data from 1. Only reading of data from memory

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memory and write data into memory. is possible.

2. RAM is volatile (if the power supply 2. ROM is non-volatile (the data is
is interrupted then the data is lost. maintained even if the power supply
is
lost).
3. It is mainly of two types- 3. It is mainly of the following types-
Static RAM [Expensive, ex. Flipflop] Programmable Read Only
Memory
Dynamic RAM [Less expensive, Erasable Programmable Read
Only
ex. Capacitors, transistors]. Memory.
Electrically Erasable
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Cache Memory