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Lecture 3.1.1 - Subprogram - Procedures

This document discusses a database management systems course at Apex Institute of Technology. It outlines the course objectives, which are to understand database concepts, different SQL statements, transactions, and recovery techniques. One of the course outcomes is for students to be able to implement packages, procedures, and triggers. The document then covers these topics, explaining what procedures are, the different parameter modes, advantages of procedures, and how to create, call, and drop procedures. It also provides examples of procedures using different parameter modes.

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mr.khushal03
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32 views

Lecture 3.1.1 - Subprogram - Procedures

This document discusses a database management systems course at Apex Institute of Technology. It outlines the course objectives, which are to understand database concepts, different SQL statements, transactions, and recovery techniques. One of the course outcomes is for students to be able to implement packages, procedures, and triggers. The document then covers these topics, explaining what procedures are, the different parameter modes, advantages of procedures, and how to create, call, and drop procedures. It also provides examples of procedures using different parameter modes.

Uploaded by

mr.khushal03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APEX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Database Management System (22CSH-243)


• Faculty: Ms. Shaveta Jain (13464)

PROCEDURES DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER


1
DBMS: Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The Course aims to:
• Understand database system concepts and design databases for different applications
and to acquire the knowledge on DBMS and RDBMS.
• Implement and understand different types of DDL, DML and DCL statements.
• Understand transaction concepts related to databases and recovery/backup
techniques required for the proper storage of data.

2
COURSE OUTCOMES

On completion of this course, the students shall be able to:-

CO4 Implement the package, procedures and triggers

3
UNIT-3
• Package, Procedures and Triggers: Parts of procedures, Parameter
modes, Advantages of procedures, Syntax for creating triggers, Types
of triggers, package specification and package body, developing a
package, Bodiless package, Advantages of packages.
• Transaction Management and Concurrency Control: Introduction
to Transaction Processing, Properties of Transactions, Serializability
and Recoverability, Need for Concurrency Control, Locking
Techniques, Time Stamping Methods, Optimistic Techniques and
Granularity of Data items.

• Database Recovery of database: Introduction, Need for Recovery,


Types of errors, Recovery Techniques.
Subprogram
• A subprogram is a program unit/module that performs a
particular task.
• These subprograms are combined to form larger
programs. This is basically called the ''Modular design''.
• A subprogram can be invoked by another subprogram or
program which is called tithe calling program.
• PL/SQL subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks that can
be invoked with a set of parameters.
Types of Subprogram
PL/SQL provides two kinds of subprograms −
• Procedures − These subprograms do not return a value directly;
mainly used to perform an action.

• Functions − These subprograms return a single value; mainly


used tot compute and return a value..
Procedure
• A procedure is created with tithe CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
statement.
• Syntax:-
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name
[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] datatype [, ...])]
{IS | AS}
--------------------; --Declarative Part
BEGIN
< procedure_body >; --Executable Part
-----------------------;
END [procedure_name];
Example-(Non-Parameterized)
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE proc1
AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('This is my first procedure…');

END proc1;
/
Executing a Standalone Procedure
A standalone procedure can be called in two ways −
1. Using the EXECUTE keyword
2. Calling the name of the procedure from a PL/SQL block

EXAMPLE:
The above procedure named '‘proc1'' can be called with tithe EXECUTE keyword ass −
SQL> EXECUTE proc1;

The procedure can also be called from another PL/SQL block −


BEGIN
proc1; --Procedure call
END;
/
Deleting a Standalone Procedure
• A standalone procedure is deleted with the DROP PROCEDURE
statement.
• Syntax:-
• DROP PROCEDURE procedure-name;

• Example:-
• DROP PROCEDURE proc1;
Parameter Modes
1. IN:
• An IN parameter lets you pass a value to the subprogram.
It is a read only parameter.
• Inside the subprogram, an IN parameter acts like a
constant. It cannot be assigned a value.
• You can pass a constant, literal, initialized variable, or
expression as an IN parameter.
• It is the default mode of parameter passing. Parameters
are passed by reference.
Parameter Modes
2. OUT
• An OUT parameter returns a value to the calling program. Inside the
subprogram, an OUT parameter acts like a variable.
• You can change its value and reference the value after assigning it.
• The actual parameter must be variable and it is passed by value.

3. IN OUT
• An IN OUT parameter passes an initial value to a subprogram and returns
an updated value to the caller.
• It can be assssiigned a value and the value can be read.
• The actual parameter corresponding to an IIN OUT formal parameter must
be a variable, not a constant or an exprressssiion. Formal parameter must
be assigned a value. Actual parameter is passed by value.
Example- (Parameterized) IN and OUT Mode
DECLARE
a number; b number; c number;
PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS
BEGIN
IF x < y THEN
z:= x;
ELSE
z:= y;
END IF;
END; --Procedure
BEGIN
a:= 25;
b:= 15;
findMin(a, b, c);
dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (25, 15) : ' || c);
END;
/
Example: IN OUT Mode
DECLARE
a number;
PROCEDURE squareNum(x IN OUT number) IS
BEGIN
x := x * x;
END; --end of procedure
BEGIN
a:= 25;
squareNum(a);
dbms_output.put_line(' Square of (25): ' || a);
END;
/
Advantages of Procedures
Following are the advantages of stored procedures:
• Since stored procedures are compiled and stored, whenever you call a procedure
the response is quick.
• you can group all the required SQL statements in a procedure and execute them at
once.
• Since procedures are stored on the database server which is faster than client. You
can execute all the complicated quires using it, which will be faster.
• Using procedures, you can avoid repetition of code moreover with these you can
use additional SQL functionalities like calling stored functions.
• Once you compile a stored procedure you can use it in any number of applications.
If any changes are needed you can just change the procedures without touching the
application code.
• You can call PL/SQL stored procedures from Java and Java Stored procedures from
PL/SQL.
References
• RamezElmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamentals of Database System”, The
Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co.
• Korth and Silberschatz Abraham, “Database System Concepts”, McGraw Hall.
• C.J.Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Addison Wesley.
• Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn & E. Begg, “Database Systems: A Practical Approach
to Design, Implementation and Management”, 5/E, University of Paisley, Addison-
Wesley.

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References
• https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/state
ments_6009.htm

17
THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]
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