Bohrs Atomic Model

UNIT 2:
COUNTLESS
PARTICLES OF
MATTER
MATTER
ATOM
PROTON NEUTRON
ELECTRON
Rutherford atomic model
The atom mostly space and its
mass is concentrated in the
nucleus, where you find the
protons and the neutrons
his model has worked well during his
time, but it was only able to explain a
few simple properties of atoms
 However, it could not
explain why metals or
compounds of metal
give off characteristics
colors.
Recall the concepts
about the
characteristics of
light.
GRADE 8:
CHARACTERISTICS AND
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
• Light exhibits properties that when it
absorbs energy in the form of heat, it
will display color that corresponds to a
certain wavelength.
• Earlier concepts of the
atomic structure appeared
when scientists began to
study the emission and
absorption of light from
different elements.
Some scientists proposed
that electrons showed
characteristics similar to
light.
NEILS BOHR
Perform Activity 1
THE FLAME
TEST
boron calcium
sodium potassium copper
Q1. Why do you think are there
different colors emitted?
Metal salts emitted
different colors because
of the ABSORPTION OF
THE HEAT FROM THE
FLAME
Q2. What particles in the
heated compounds are
responsible for the production
of the colored light?
The outermost particles in the
metallic element are responsible
for the production of colored
light.
Q3. How did the scientists explain
the relationship between the colors
observed and the structure of the
atom?
The colors observed is an indication
that definite energy transformations
occurs inside the atom emitting light.
It follows that electrons must occupy
orbits of fixed energy.
MODULE 1:
ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE OF
MATTER
BOHR’S ATOMIC
MODEL
NEILS BOHR
• improved Rutherford’s
Model of an atom
• he described the electron
to be moving in definite
orbits around the nucleus
Bohr’s Ideas and Energy Levels
• Some elements emit certain
light energy when they are
heated.
• For example, the element lithium, when
heated produces a particular red color;
cesium, when heated, produces a blue
color; barium produces a green color;
and potassium produces a violet color.
• Electrons showed characteristics
similar to light
• A glass prism separates the light off into
its component wavelength.
• This series of lines are called ATOMIC
SPECTRUM of the element.
• This phenomenon led Niels
Bohr to the idea that the
electrons in an atom are
found in certain distances
from the nucleus.
 He also considered the electrons
as particles moving around the
nucleus in fixed circular orbits.
 These orbits are found at
definite distance from the
nucleus.
These “distances” are related

to the energy that an electron
has, and these are called
ENERGY LEVELS(n).
ENERGY LEVELS (n)
 Where n is a whole
number
 (1,2,3,4…. So forth…)
ENERGY LEVELS (n)
• Electrons in each orbit
have a definite energy,
which increases as the
distance of the orbit from
the nucleus increases
• As long as the electron stays in
its orbit, there is no absorption
or emission of energy
• If the atom is not yet heated,
the electron stays at its usual
GROUND STATE
• Then, when the atom is heated, the
electron absorbs energy.
• Since it now has more energy, it jumps
to a higher energy level. This electron
is now at its EXCITED STATE.
• Of course, this excited state is unusual
and not stable. And so, the electron
must go back to its original energy
level.
• The electron must release its extra
energy.
• The released energy is in the form of
light. We see it as the element’s color
when it is heated
• The light released by an
element that is heated is
called its emission spectrum
• But not all light released
by the atom can be seen
by our eyes. To see all the
light energy released by
atoms, an instrument
called SPECTROSCOPE
is used.
ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPE
 is an instrument that detects
the ability of an atom’s
electrons to absorb a certain
amount of energy.
 This absorbed energy is called
the absorption spectrum
• Instead of colors that appear, this
instrument shows lines instead.
• Each element has its own unit line spectrum
• In Bohr’s atomic model, electrons
move in orbits of certain amounts
of energy.
• However, these findings showed
that it is not possible to tell the
exact position of the electron at
any given instant and how it
moves in the atom.
Q4. Explain how your
observation in Activity 1
relates to Bohr Model of
the atom.
Q4. The electrons are moving around
the nucleus in circular orbits. When
an electron absorbed extra energy
from an outside source (flame), the
electron moves to a higher orbit.
Colored light is emitted when the
electron falls back to a lower orbit.
This light is the difference between
the energies of the two orbits
involved.
Q5. Which illustration
represents the energy of
the electron as described
by Bohr? Explain.
Q5. B. The energy levels (orbits) of electrons are like
the steps of a ladder. The lowest step of the ladder
corresponds to the lowest energy level.
The electrons can move from one energy level to

another by absorbing or releasing energy. Energy
levels in an atom are not equally spaced which means
that the amounts of energy are not the same. The
higher energy levels are closer together. The higher
energy level occupied by an electron, the less energy it
takes to move from that energy level to the next
higher energy level.
Activity 2:
Predicting the
Probable Location of
an Electron
Q1. What happens to the number
of dots per unit area as the
distance of the dots go farther
from the center?
• The number of dots
increases abruptly and
then decreases as the dots
go farther from the center
Q5.How are your results similar to
the distribution of electrons in an
atom?
• Q5. The results of the activity
are similar to the structure of
the atom because the
probability of finding an
electron (dot) increases
abruptly then decreases as it
• This activity demonstrates
what scientists found out.
• Bohr’s idea that electrons
are found in definite orbits
around the nucleus was
rejected.
Three physicists led the
development of a better
model of the atom.
o Louie De Broglie
o Erwin Schrodinger
o Werner Karl Heisenberg
DE BROGLIE
 proposed that the
electron (which is
thought of as a
particle) could also
be thought of as a
wave.
ERWIN
SCHRODINGER
develop a
mathematical
equation to
describe the
hydrogen atom.
WERNER KARL
HEISENBERG
 discovered that for
a very small particle
like the electron, its
location cannot be
exactly known and
how it is moving.
This is called the
uncertainty
principle.
• These scientists believed
that there is only a
probability that the
electron can be found in a
certain volume in space
around the nucleus.
•This volume or region of
space around the nucleus
where the electron is
most likely to be found is
called an ATOMIC
ORBITAL.
QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
MODEL
• The quantum mechanical
model of the atom comes
from the mathematical
solution to the Schrodinger
equation.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
•The quantum mechanical
model views an electron
as a cloud of negative
charge having a certain
geometrical shape.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
• This model shows how likely an
electron could be found in various
locations around the nucleus.
• However, the model does not give
any information about how the
electron moves from one position
to another.
• The darker an area, the
greater is the probability of
finding the electron in that
area.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
• The quantum
mechanical model
also gives information
about the energy of
the electron.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
• The model also
describes the region
of space around the
nucleus as consisting
of shells.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
• These shells are also
called PRINCIPAL
OR MAIN
ENERGY
• The principal
energy levels or
shells may have one
or more sublevels.
•These sublevels are
assigned with letters:
 s(sharp)
 p(principal),
 d(diffuse),
 f (fundamental)
Principal/
Secondary
main energy
sublevel
level(n)
1 s
2 s,p
3 s,p,d
NO. OF ORBITALS IN
SUBLEVEL EACH SUBLEVEL
s 1
p 3
d 5
7
f
Maximum No. of e- in
SUBLEVEL each sublevel
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
Maximum
Principal/ No. of Maximum
Secondary No. of No. of e- per
main energy orbitals per No. of e- in
sublevel orbitals main energy
level(n) energy level each sublevel
level
1 s 1 1 2 2
2 s 1 2
4 8
p 3 6
s 1 2 18
3 p 3 9 6
d 5 10
s 1 2
p 3 6
4 16 32
d 5 10
f 7 14
• The principal quantum
number always equals
the number of
sublevels.
• The maximum number of
electrons that can occupy
a principal energy level is
given by the formula 2n 2,
where n is the principal

quantum number
• Orbitals have specific energy
values. They have particular
shapes and direction in space.
• In an atom, electrons and the

nucleus interact to make the
most stable arrangement
possible.
• The way in which
electrons are distributed
in the different orbitals
around the nucleus of an
atom is called the electron
configuration.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
 the distribution of
electrons within the
orbitals of the atoms of
an element
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
 The e- fill the orbitals, starting with
the lowest energy level orbital then
proceeding to one with higher
energy level.
 The higher the main energy level,
the higher the energy
 Overlaps
Ex. 3d have high energy than 4s
PAULI EXCLUSION
PRINCIPLE
 Only two e- may occupy
an orbital and they have
diff. spins
HUND’S RULE
 States that e- pair up
only after each orbital
in a sublevel is
occupied by a single e-.
• the number of electrons in the
highest energy level of the
elements is the basis of their
location on the periodic table.
Distribution of Main Outermost
Atomic Electron energy
Element electrons in sublevel
No. Configuration the orbitals level
used
Mg
Co
P
Br
Sr
GROUND STATE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
 The Ground State electron
configurations represents
electron in their lowest energy
level
EXCITED STATE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
 Electrons change in position as
they absorb energy, moving to
higher energy level sublevels or
skipping energy level

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UNIT 2:

These “distances” are related

The electrons can move from one energy level to

where n is the principal

• In an atom, electrons and the

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