Psychological
Phenomena in
Everyday Life
A presentation by Adithri Raghunath,
Vishnupriya Anoop and Anusree Lahari
The Circadian
Rhythm
A twenty four hour internal clock that regulates
cycles of alertness and un-alertness in
individuals. It establishes a cause and effect
relationship between external cues in the
environment and physiological changes in the
body that govern the most basic functions of our
daily lives.
Misalignment of the
Circadian Rhythm has been
known to cause a series of
harmful defects and
diseases in the body both
biological and
psychological.
Arousal stimuli
Light Food/Feeding
Synchronisation Factors
Chemical Factors
Mechanical Stimuli
Temperature
Halo Effect
● Recognised as a phenomena by Edward Thorndike
● Halo Effect is a cognitive bias that exists in our day to day life.
● It is an oversimplification of an individual’s personality, traits, character and
temperament based on an impression of a single desirable or undesirable aspect of that
individual’s overt actions or projections.
● Often when faced with an interaction or impression of a person, people tend to draw
conclusions and generalize certain traits of that individual based on what experience
they had, even if the experience is not directly relevant to the other aspects of the
individual’s personality
● Examples : Pretty Privilege, Status Perception, Brand generalisation
The Pratfall Effect
- the psychology of profiting from your flaws -
First studied by Elliot Aaronson in 1966, the Pratfall Effect theorises that individuals who are
held in high esteem are considered all the more appealing when they commit a mistake or
showcase any flaw they might have. It makes them appear more relatable and humanises the
experience individuals may have with them. The idea that follows this theory is that people do
not trust perfection and witnessing limitations in character makes that person more striking.
Interviews - school, social, job
Pratfall Effect in
marketing and advertising
KFC, VOLKSWAGEN BEETLE, LISTERINE, GUINNESS
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a psychological theory developed by Leon Festinger in 1957. It refers to the discomfort experienced
when an individual holds conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values.
Components Causes
1 2 3 4 5
Inconsistent Psychological Conflicting Ethical Decision
Thoughts Discomfort Information Dilemmas Making
Resolving Cognitive Dissonance
01 02 03 04
Changing Altering Rational- Selective
Beliefs Actions ization Exposure
05 06 07
Critical Self Open
Thinking Awareness Dialogue
Correspondence Bias
Also known as the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), it is a
cognitive bias that describes the tendency to overemphasize the
role of personal characteristics or traits in explaining the behavior
of others while underestimating the influence of situational
factors.
Key Concepts of
Correspondence Bias
01 Overemphasizing Disposition: People tend to
attribute the actions of others to their inherent traits, personality, or
character, assuming that their behavior reflects their true self.
Underestimating Situation: The bias leads to
02 neglecting external factors, circumstances, or constraints that
might have contributed to the observed behavior.
Mitigating Correspondence
Bias
01 02 03
Encourage a more Promote empathy and Encourage open
holistic perspective, understanding by communication to gain
considering both recognizing the insight into the true
internal and external complexities of human causes behind a
factors. behavior. person's actions.
Selective Attention- why you would
rather listen to your friend that to
the lecture
Selective attention is defined as the cognitive process of attending to a small
number of sensory stimuli (i.e., external and internal) while ignoring or
suppressing all other irrelevant sensory inputs (McLeod 2018; Murphy et al. 2016).
TYPES;
- Visual [the spotlight model]
- Auditory [the cocktail party effect]
Theories of Selective Attention
Treisman's
01 Broadbent’s filter 02 Attenuation theory
Deutsch and
03 Deutsch
The Dunning-Kruger
Phenomenon
No, you are not as smart as you
think you are
‘Ignorance more frequently begets
confidence than does knowledge’
According to the researchers for whom it is named,
psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger,
Dunning-Kruger effect, in psychology, is a cognitive bias
whereby people with limited knowledge or competence
in a given intellectual or social domain greatly
overestimate their own knowledge or competence as
compared to their peers.
The effect has been found to occur in fields and subject
matters as diverse as emotional intelligence, logical
reasoning, financial knowledge, political informity, chess,
driving, and even medical knowledge.
THANK YOU!
ANY QUESTIONS?
