POLYPHASE CIRCUITS

LEARNING GOALS
Three Phase Circuits
Advantages of polyphase circuits

Three Phase Connections

Basic configurations for three phase circuits

Source/Load Connections
Delta-Wye connections

Power Relationships
Study power delivered by three phase circuits

Power Factor Correction

Improving power factor for three phase circuits
 THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
ia

ib
Vm  120 2 ic

Instantane ous Phase Voltages

van (t )  Vm cos( t )(V )
vbn (t )  Vm cos( t  120)(V )
Balanced Phase Currents
vc (t )  Vm cos( t  240)(V )
ia (t )  I m cos( t   )
ib (t )  I m cos( t    120) Instantane ous power
i (t )  I cos( t    240) p(t )  van (t )ia (t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )
c m

Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

Vm I m
p( t )  3 cos (W )
2
 Proof of Theorem
For a balanced three phase circuit the instantaneous power is constant

V I cos(120)  0.5
p(t )  3 m m cos (W ) Lemma
2
cos   cos(  120)  cos(  120)  0
Instantane ous power
Proof
p(t )  van (t )ia (t )  vbn (t )ib (t )  vcn (t )ic (t )
cos   cos 
cos  t cos( t   ) 
cos(  120)  cos  cos(120)  sin  sin(120)
p(t )  Vm I m  cos( t  120) cos( t  120   ) 
  cos(  120)  cos  cos(120)  sin  sin(120)
 cos( t  240) cos( t  240   )
cos   cos(  120)  cos(  120)  0
1
cos cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2
3 cos  cos(2 t   )
p(t )  Vm I m  cos(2 t  240   ) 
 
 cos(2 t  480   ) 
   t 
cos(  240)  cos(  120)
cos(  480)  cos(  120)
 THREE-PHASE CONNECTIONS

Positive sequence
a-b-c

Y-connected
loads Delta connected loads
 SOURCE/LOAD CONNECTIONS

BALANCED Y-Y CONNECTION Line voltages

Van | V p | 0
Vbn | V p |   120
Vab Vab  Van  Vbn
Vcn | V p | 120 | V p | 0 | V p |   120
Vca
Positive sequence | V p | 1  (cos120  j sin 120) 
Vbc phase voltages
1 3
| V | p  | V p |   j 
2 2 
 3 | V p | 30

Vbc  3 | V p |   90
Van V V Vca  3 | V p |   210
Ia  ; I b  bn ; I c  cn
ZY ZY ZY
VL  3 | V p |  Line Voltage
I a | I L |  ; I b | I L |   120; I c | I L |   120
Ia  Ib  Ic  In  0 For this balanced circuit it is enough to analyze one phase
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
Vab  208  30
Determine the phase voltages

The phasor diagram could be rotated by any angle

Positive sequence
a-b-c
Van | V p | 0 Vab  3 | V p | 30
Balanced Y - Y
Vbn | V p |   120
Van lags Vab by 30
Vcn | V p | 120
Van  120  60 Vab  208  30
Positive sequence
Vbn  120  180 phase voltages
Van  12060 | Vab |
Van  (30  30)
3
Relationship between
phase and line voltages
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
source | V phase | 120(V ) rms , Z line  1  j1, Z phase  20  j10 Because circuit is balanced
data on any one phase is
Determine line currents and load voltages
sufficient
I bB  5.06  120  27.65( A)rms
I cC  5.06120  27.65( A)rms

V AN  I aA  (20  j10)  I aA  22.3626.57

V AN  113 .15  1.08(V )rms
1200
Chosen
as reference VBN  113 .15  121.08(V )rms
VCN  113 .15118 .92(V )rms
Van  1200
Vbn  120  120
Van  120120
Abc sequence
Van 1200
I aA  
21  j11 23.7127.65
 5.06  27.65( A)rms
 LEARNING EXTENSION For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit

Van  12090 (V )rms . Find the line voltages

Vab leads Van by 30

Vab  3 | V p | 30
Vab  3  120120 (V )rms
Van lags Vab by 30

Vbc  3  1200 (V )rms

Vca  3  120240 (V )rms Relationship between
phase and line voltages

Vab  2080 (V )rms . Find the phase voltages

Van lags Vab by 30

208
Van    30 (V )rms
3
208
Vbn    150 (V )rms
3
208
Vcn  90 (V )rms
3
LEARNING EXTENSION For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
load | V phase | 104.0226.6(V ) rms , Z line  1  j1, Z phase  8  j 3
Determine source phase voltages Currents are not required. Use inverse
voltage divider
(8  j 3)  (1  j1)
Van  V AN
8  j3
8 9  j 4 8  j 3 84  j 5
   1.153.41
8  j3 8  j3 73
 104.0226.6(V )rms
Van  12030
j 3 Vbn  120  90
Vcn  120150

Positive sequence
a-b-c
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCES Convert to an equivalent Y connection

Vab  VL0   VL
V
  an    30
Vbc  VL  120  3

Vca  VL120  V  VL   150
bn
 3
Vab  3 | V p | 30  VL
V
 cn  90
 3
Van lags Vab by 30 Example
Vab  20860  Van  12030
 
Vbc  208  60  Vbn  120  90
Relationship between
phase and line voltages Vca  208180  V  120150
 cn
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine line currents and line voltages at the loads

Source is Delta connected.

Convert to equivalent Y
Vab  VL0   VL
 V
 an    30
Vbc  VL  120  3

Vca  VL120   VL
V
 bn    150
 3
 VL
V
 cn  90
 3
Analyze one phase
(208 / 3)  30
I aA   9.38  49.14( A)rms
12.1  j 4.2
V AN  (12  j 4)  9.38  49.19  118 .65  30.71(V )rms
Vab  3 | V p | 30 V AB  3  118 .650.71

Determine the other phases using the balance

I bB  9.38  169.14( A)rms VBC  3  118 .65  119 .29

I cC  9.38  71.86( A)rms VCA  3  118 .65120.71
LEARNING EXTENSION Compute the magnitude of the line voltage at the load

Source is Delta connected.

Convert to equivalent Y
Vab  VL0   VL
 V
 an    30
Vbc  VL  120  3

Vca  VL120   VL
V
 bn    150
 3
 VL
V
 cn  90
 3
Analyze one phase

j 0.1 10  j 4
V AN  120  30
10.1  j 4.1
10 Only interested in magnitudes!
10.77
| V AN | 120  118 .57(V )rms
10.90
Vab  3 | V p | 30 | V AB | 205.4(V )rms
 Load phase currents
DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
V AB
I AB  | I  |      30   Z
Z
VBC
I BC  | I  |    120
Z
VCA
I CA  | I  |    120
Z
Z  | Z L |  Z Line currents
I aA  I AB  I CA
I bB  I BC  I AB
I cC  I CA  I BC
Method 1: Solve directly
Method 2: We can also convert the delta
Van | V p | 0 Vab  3 | V p | 30 connected load into a Y connected one.
Vbn | V p |   120 The same formulas derived for resistive
Vbc  3 | V p |   90 circuits are applicable to impedances
Vcn | V p | 120
Vca  3 | V p |   210 Z
Balanced case ZY 
Positive sequence 3
phase voltages | I line | 3 | I  |
 |V | / 3
 line     30 Van | I aA | AB
I aA  | I aA |  L   | Z | / 3
ZY 
Line-phase current  L   Z
relationship
 | V | 3 | V phase |
    phase  30
Line - phase voltage
relationsh ip

| I line | 3 | I  |
 line     30
Line-phase current
relationship

 LEARNING EXTENSION
I aA  1240.
Find the phase currents
I AB  6.9370
I BC  6.93  50
I CA  6.93190
REVIEW OF Rab  R2 || ( R1  R3 )  Y
Y
Rab  Ra  Rb
Transforma tions Y 

R1 R2 Ra R1 Rb R1 Rb R2 Rb R1
  R    R 
R2 ( R1  R3 ) Ra  R1  R2  R3 Rb R3
3 2
Ra Rc R1 Rc
Ra  Rb 
R1  R2  R3 R2 R3 REPLACE IN THE THIRD AND SOLVE FOR R1
Rb 
R3 ( R1  R2 ) R1  R2  R3 Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
Rb  Rc  R 1 
R R Rb
R1  R2  R3 Rc  3 1
R1  R2  R3 R R  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R2  a b
R (R  R )  Y Rc
Rc  Ra  1 2 3
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
R1  R2  R3 R3 
Ra
SUBTRACT THE FIRST TWO THEN ADD Y 
TO THE THIRD TO GET Ra
R
R  R1  R2  R3  RY 
3
LEARNING EXAMPLE Delta-connected load consists of 10-Ohm resistance in series
with 20-mH inductance. Source is Y-connected, abc sequence,
120-V rms, 60Hz. Determine all line and phase currents
Van  12030(V )rms
Zinductance  2  60  0.020  7.54

Z   10  j 7.54  12.5237.02  ZY  4.1737.02

V AB 120 360
I AB    16.6022.98( A)rms
Z 10  j 7.54
I BC  16.60  97.02( A)rms
| V | 3 | V phase | I CA  16.60142.98( A)rms

    phase  30 I aA  28.75  7.02( A)rms

Line - phase voltage I bB  28.75  127.02( A)rms
relationsh ip I cC  28.75112 .98( A)rms
| I line | 3 | I  | Alternatively, determine first the line currents
 line     30 and then the delta currents
Line-phase current
relationship
POWER RELATIONSHIPS
| V | 3 | V phase |
- Impedance angle
    phase  30
Line - phase voltage
relationsh ip
Vline
STotal  3  V phase  I *phase

*
STotal  3Vline I line Power factor angle
f
I line
| I line | 3 | I  |
 line     30
Line-phase current Ptotal  3 |Vline || I line | cos f
relationship Qtotal  3 |Vline || I line | sin  f
 S total  3Vline  I *

*
STotal  3Vline I line
LEARNING EXAMPLE | Vline | 208(V )rms
Ptotal  1200W
power factor angle  20 lagging

Determine the magnitude of the line
Vline currents and the value of load impedance
 per phase in the delta

- Impedance angle

Ptotal  3 |Vline || I line | cos f

Z   101.4620
Qtotal  3 |Vline || I line | sin  f
Vline
Ptotal | Vline || I line |
 cos f | I line | 3.54( A)rms
3 3
Power factor angle
f
| I line | 3 | I  |
I line
 line     30 | Vline |
| I  | 2.05( A)rms | Z  |  101.46
Line-phase current | I |
relationship
LEARNING EXAMPLE For an abc sequence, balanced Y - Y three phase circuit
source | V phase | 120(V ) rms , Z line  1  j1, Z phase  20  j10

Determine real and reactive power per phase at the load and total real, reactive and
complex power at the source
V AN  I aA  (20  j10)  I aA  22.3626.57
V AN  113 .15  1.08(V )rms
*
S phase  V AN I aA  113.15  1.08  5.0627.65
S phase  572.5426.57  512  j 256.09(VA )rms
Pper phase Qper phase
1200
Chosen
as reference *
Ssource phase  Van  I aA  1200  5.0627.65

Van  1200 Ssource phase  607.227.65

Vbn  120  120 Because circuit is balanced
data on any one phase is  537.86  j 281.78VA
Van  120120 sufficient
Ptotal source  3  537.86(W )
Abc sequence
Qtotal source  3  281.78 (VA )
Van 1200
I aA   S total source  Ptotal source  Qtotal source
21  j11 23.7127.65
 1613.6  j845.2(VA )
 5.06  27.65( A)rms
| S total source | 1821.6(VA )
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine the line currents and the combined power factor
Circuit is balanced
Load 1 : 24kW at pf  0.6 lagging

Load 2 : 10kW at pf  1
Vline  208(V )rms
Load 3 : 12kVA at pf  0.8 leading

S  P  jQ inductive
P | S | cos f
P1  24kW  Q | S | sin  f f
 | S1 | 40kVA
pf  0.6 lagging  pf  cos f
| Q1 | | S1 |2  | P1 |2  32kVA S total  S1  S 2  S3
lagging  inductive  S1  24  j 32 kVA capacitive
Load 2
STOTAL  S1  S 2  S3  43.6  j 24.8kVA  50.16029.63kVA
P2  10kW 
  S 2  10  j 0 kVA Ptotal  3 |Vline || I line | cos f | Stotal | 3 | Vline |  | I line |
pf  1  
Load 3 Q total  3 |
V line || I line | sin  f  f  29.63
| S3 | 12kVA   P3  9.6kW pf  0.869 lagging
 
pf  0.8  | Q3 | 7.2kVA | I line | 139.23( A)rms
leading pf  capacitive  S3  9.6  j 7.2kVA Continued ...
 LEARNING EXAMPLE If the line impedances are Z line  0.05  j 0.02
continued …. determine line voltages and power factor at the source

inductive

f

capacitive
| I line | 139.23( A)rms
53,264
*
S line  3  ( Z line I line ) I line 2
 3  Z line | I line | Vline   220.87(V )rms
3  139.13
S line  2908  j1163(VA )
pf  cos f  cos(29.17)  0.873 lagging
Sload total  43.6  j 24.8kVA  50.16029.63kVA

Ssource total  46.508  j 25.963  53.26429.17kVA

| Stotal | 3 | Vline |  | I line |


 f  29.17
LEARNING EXTENSION A Y -Y balanced three-phase circuit has a line voltage of
208-Vrms. The total real power absorbed by the load is 12kW
at pf=0.8 lagging. Determine the per-phase impedance
of the load

| V | 3 | V phase | Impedance angle

    phase  30
Line - phase voltage
relationsh ip Vline
STotal  3  V phase  I *phase
S  P  jQ Power factor angle
f
P | S | cos f
I line
208 Q | S | sin  f
| V phase |  120(V )rms
3
pf  cos f
*
 V phase  | V phase |2 3 | V phase |2
S total  3V phase     3 | Z phase|  2.88
Z  Z *
 phase  phase | S total |
pf  0.8  cos f   f  36.87
Ptotal Z pahse  2.8836.87
| S total |  15kVA
pf
LEARNING EXTENSION Determine real, reactive and complex power at both load
and source
Source is Delta connected.
Convert to equivalent Y
Analyze one phase
j 0.1

10

* | V AN |2 3 | 118 .57 |2 3 | 118 .57 |2 (10  j 4)

S load  3  V AN I aA  3 *  
Z phase 10  j 4 102  42

* | Van |2 3 | 120 |2 3 | 120 |2 (10.1  j 4.1)

S source  3  Van I aA  3  
*
Z total phase 10.1  j 4.1 (10.1) 2  (4.1) 2
10  j 4
V AN  120  30
10.1  j 4.1 S load  3  (1,212.0  j 484.8)
10.77 S source  3  (1224.1  j 496)
| V AN | 120  118 .57(V )rms
10.90
LEARNING EXTENSION A 480-V rms line feeds two balanced 3-phase loads.
The loads are rated
Load 1: 5kVA at 0.8 pf lagging
Load 2: 10kVA at 0.9 pf lagging.

Determine the magnitude of the line current from the 408-V rms source
P S  P  jQ
| S1 | 5kVA   P1  4kW
0.8 P | S | cos f
Q1  | S1 |2  P12  3.0kVA Q | S | sin  f
pf lagging  S1  4  j 3kVA pf  cos f
P S total  S1  S 2
| S 2 | 10kVA   P  9kW
0.9
2
Ptotal  3 |Vline || I line | cos f
Q2  | S 2 |  P22  4.36kVA
Qtotal  3 |Vline || I line | sin  f
S 2  9  j 4.36kVA
| S total | 3 | Vline || I line |
S total  13  j 7.36kVA

| S total | 14,939
| I lineq |   21.14( A)rms
3 | Vline | 706.68
 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Similar to single phase case.
Use capacitors to increase the
power factor

Balanced Keep clear about total/phase

load power, line/phase voltages
Low pf
lagging

Sold 
  Qold
pf old  Q  Qnew  Qold
Pold  Reactive Power to be added
  Qnew To use capacitors this value
pf new 
should be negative

Qper capacitor   CV 2 S  P  jQ pf
pf  cos f  sin  f  1  pf 2 tan  
The voltage depends on how P | S | cos f
f 2
Q  P tan  f 1  pf
the capacitors are connected Q | S | sin  f
lagging  Q  0
pf  cos f
 f  60 Hz , | Vline | 34.5kV rms. Required : pf  0.94 leading
LEARNING EXAMPLE

Pold  18.72 MW 
  Qnew  6.8 MVA
S  P  jQ pf new  0.94 leading 
P | S | cos f Q  6.8  15.02  21.82 MVA
Q  P tan  f Qper capacitor  7.273 MVA
Q | S | sin  f
pf 34.5
pf  cos f tan  f  Y  connection  Vcapacitor  kV rms
1  pf 2 3
lagging  Qold  0  34.5  103 
2

 7.273  10  2  60  C  
6

pf  cos f  sin  f  1  pf 2  0.626  3 
| Qold | 15.02 MVA C  48.6  F
Pold  18.72 MW
 f  60 Hz , | Vline | 34.5kV rms. Required : pf  0.90 lagging
LEARNING EXAMPLE

Pold  18.72 MW 
  Qnew  9.067 MVA
S  P  jQ pf new  0.90 lagging 
P | S | cos f Q  9.067  15.02  5.953 MVA
Q  P tan  f Qper capacitor  1.984 MVA
Q | S | sin  f
pf 34.5
pf  cos f tan  f  Y  connection  Vcapacitor  kV rms
1  pf 2 3
lagging  Qold  0  34.5  103 
2

 1.984  10  2  60  C  
6

pf  cos f  sin  f  1  pf 2  0.626  3 
| Qold | 15.02 MVA C  13.26 F
Pold  18.72 MW
LEARNING EXAMPLE MEASURING POWER FLOW Which circuit is the source and
what is the average power supplied?

Phase differences
determine direction
 120kV rms  125kV rms of power flow!

Determine the current

flowing. Convert line
voltages to phase voltages

*
SY  3V AN  I aA
S X  3Van ( I aA )*
Equivalent 1-phase circuit SY  3  12  0.2703(25  180.93) MVA
12000 12000
  30    25 S X   3  12  0.2703(30  180.93) MVA
V  V AN 3 3
I aA  an  PY  5.13 MW
1 j2 1 j2 S  P  jQ
PX  4.91MW P | S | cos f
I aA  270.30  180.93( A) rms
System Y is the source
Ploss  ( PX  PY )
LEARNING EXAMPLE INCREMENTAL COST OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
How much capacitance is required to improve the power factor by a fixed amount (say 0.01)
Desired:

Supplied by
capacitors

• least expensive at  0.8

• very expensive as
pf OLD
1
CAPACITOR SPECIFICATIONS

Capacitors for power factor correction are normally specified in VARs

| Qper capacitor |  CV 2
The voltage and frequency must be given in order to know the capacitanc e
Assume 60 Hz unless other valu e is given.
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Choices available
For pf  0.94 leading one needs Capacity Rated Voltage (kV) Rated Q (Mvar)
C  48.6  F 1 10 4
2 50 25
3 20 7.5

4  106
C1   106.1 F
2  60  (10  10 )
3 2

25  106
C2   26.53 F
2  60  (50  10 )
3 2

Vline  34.5kV  V phase  19.9kV

7.5  106
C3   49.7  F
Capacitor 1 is not rated at high enough 2  60  (20  10 )
3 2

voltage!
Capacitor 3 is the best alternative
LEARNING BY DESIGN

#4ACSR wire rated at 170 A rms Proposed new store

1. Is the wire suitable?

2. What capacitance
would be required to
have a composite
pf =0.92 lagging
Capacitors are to be
Y - connected
S1  70036.9 S 2  100060kVA S3  80025.8kVA S total  S1  S 2  S3
 560  j 420 kVA  500  j866 kVA  720  j 349 kVA S  P  jQ
S total  1780  j1635 kVA  241742.57 kVA P | S | cos f

| S total | 2.417  106 Q | S | sin  f

| I line |   101.1A rms Wire is OK
3  Vline 3  13.8  103 pf  cos f
Pold  STotal  3  V phase  I *phase
  Qnew  P tan  f ( new )  758.28kVA
pf new  *
 3  Vline  I line
Q  Qnew  Qold  876.72kVA
| Qper capacitor |  CV 2
C

876.72  103 / 3  12.2  F
V | V phase |
13.8kV  
3 2
2  60  13.8  10 / 3
3
LEARNING EXAMPLE DESIGN OF A 3-PHASE EMULATOR
Magnitude Adjustor

Design equations for

adjustor

Powered by 120V(RMS) – standard wall outlet Potentiometers are more restricted.

using a transformer with turns ratio Select R  10k 
P
 3-PHASE EMULATOR - CONTINUED V  V 120
CN 1
O

SOLUTION:
• Use RC network for -60 deg (lag)
• Use inverter for -180 phase shift

1
j C 1
V  V  V
2

R 
1 1  j R C
1
3
1

j C
3

buffer

V   tan
2
1
 R C   60
3
o

  RC  tan 60  1.73  RC  4.6  10 3

3-PHASE EMULATOR - CONTINUED V V V  0
AN BN CN


USE 10k RESISTORS FOR
UNIFORMITY
3-PHASE EMULATOR – PROPOSED SOLUTION

Polyphase