Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)Model

T HAIDUWA

1
Outline

 Definition
 7 Layers of the OSI Reference Model
 Communications Protocols in the OSI model
 OSI Model vs TCP/IP Reference Models

2
OSI Reference Model

 The OSI model is based on a proposal developed by the

International Standards Organization (ISO) as a first step toward
international standardization of the protocols used in the various
layers.
 OSI Model -is a conceptual framework that describes seven (7)
distinct layers that computer systems use to communicate over a
network.
 It is a standard model for network communications, adopted by all
major computer and telecommunication companies in the early
1980s.
 The modern internet is not based on OSI, but on the simpler TCP/IP
model.

3
Purpose of the OSI Reference Model

 The purpose of the OSI model is to facilitate

communication between different systems
without requiring changes to the logic of the
underlying hardware and software.
 Separating functions into different layers and
make troubleshooting easier.

4
Layered Tasks: An example from the everyday
life

5
OSI Model Layers

 The OSI Model has 7 layers.

 Each layer serves a specific purpose and
interacts with the adjacent layers (Sending and
Receiving device).
 The layers are from the bottom up.
 Each layer of the OSI model is associated with
specific protocols and functions.
 Protocols facilitate communication between
corresponding layers on different devices.

6
7 Layers of the OSI model

7
Sender Layers & Receiver Layers

8
Application Layer

 Application Layer: Provides a platform for

user applications and network services to
communicate over the network.
 It is responsible for High level API and
Resource sharing.
 E.g. Chrome, MS Office, etc.
 It encompasses various application protocols
like HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.

9
Presentation Layer

 Presentation Layer: Translates, encrypts,

and compresses data to ensure that data
from the application layer of one system can
be understood by the application layer of
another system.
 It deals with data format, encoding,
encryption, and compression.

10
Session Layer

 Session Layer: Manages the establishment,

maintenance, and termination of
communication sessions between two
devices.
 It also handles sessions, synchronization,
data exchange coordination, reconnections,
and authentication.

11
Transport Layer

 Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end

communication and ensures data delivery,
error detection, and error recovery.
 It manages segmentation,
acknowledgements, reassembly, and flow
control.

12
Network Layer

 Network Layer: Focuses on routing and

forwarding data packets between different
networks.
 It deals with logical addressing and routing
decisions to ensure data reaches its intended
destination across different networks.

13
Data Link Layer

 Data Link Layer: Responsible for reliable

point-to-point communication between
directly connected nodes.
 It ensures error detection and correction, as
well as flow control on physical link.
 It is divided into two sublayers: Logical Link
Control (LLC) and Media Access Control
(MAC).

14
Physical Layer

 Physical Layer: Deals with the physical

medium and transmission of raw binary data
over a physical medium, such as cables and
connectors.
 It defines electrical, mechanical, and
procedural aspects of the communication.

15
 Principles OSI Reference Model
 The principles that were applied to arrive at the
seven layers can be briefly summarized are as
follows:
1. A layer should be created where different abstraction is needed.
2. Each layer should performs a well define function.
3. Functions of the layers must be chosen toward defining
internationally standardized protocols.
4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the information
flow across the interfaces.
5. The number of layers should be large enough to avoid complexity.

16
Why Layered Communication?

 To reduce complexity of communication task by

splitting it into several layered small tasks.
 Each layer has its own task
 Each layer has its own protocol

17
Issues Resolved by Layers
 Error correction
 Flow control
 Addressing
 Multiplexing
 Naming
 Congestion control
 Mobility
 Routing
 Fragmentation
 Security

18
Communications Protocols in the
OSI Model
 Common protocols in OSI Model include:
• Physical Layer: Ethernet, USB, etc.
• Data Link Layer: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (802.11), Point-to-
Point Protocol (PPP)
• Network Layer: IP (IPv4 and IPv6)
• Transport Layer: TCP, UDP,
• Session Layer: NetBIOS, RPC
• Presentation Layer: SSL/TLS, JPEG, MPEG
• Application Layer: HTTP/S, FTP, SMTP, POP3,
IMAP

19
 TCP/IP Reference Model defined
 The TCP/IP model is another widely used networking
reference model.
 The overall idea was to allow one application on one
computer to talk to (send data packets) another application
running on different computer.
 It is the network model used in the current Internet
architecture.

20
Cont’d

 TCP/IP reference model has only 4 layers.

 The major design goals of TCP/IP model are:
1. To connect multiple networks together so that
they appear as a single network.
2.To survive after partial subnet hardware failures.
3. To provide a flexible architecture.

21
TCP/IP Reference Model Layers

1. Host-to-Network Layer
2. Internet Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer

22
Host-to-Network Layer

 TCP/IP reference model dictate that a host has

to connect to the network using some protocol
so it can send IP packets to it.
 This protocol varies from host to host and
network to network.
 It is equivalent to the combination of physical
and data link layer.

23
Transport Layer

 It is designed to allow peer entities on the source

and destination hosts to carry on a conversation.
 It define Two end-to-end transport protocols
 It decides if data transmission should be on
parallel path or single path.
 Functions include: multiplexing, segmenting or
splitting of the data
 Transport layer adds header information to the
data.

24
 Internet Layer
 The internet layer defines an official packet format and
protocol called IP (Internet Protocol).
 The job of the internet layer is to deliver IP packets where
they are supposed to go.
 The internet layer permit hosts to inject packets into any
network and have them travel independently to the
destination.
 They may even arrive in a different order than they were sent.
 Packet routing avoid congestion, for these reasons, it is
reasonable to say that the TCP/IP internet layer is similar in
functionality to the OSI network layer.

25
Application Layer
 The TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation layers.
 On top of the transport layer there is only the application layer.
 It contains all the higher-level protocols:
 Virtual Terminal (TELNET) : a two-way communication protocol which
allows connecting to a remote machine and run applications on it.
 File Transfer (FTP): a protocol that allows File transfer amongst computer
users connected over a network. It is reliable, simple and efficient.
 Electronic Mail (SMTP): a protocol which is used to transport electronic
mail between a source and destination, directed via a route.
 Domain Name System (DNS): a hierarchical decentralized naming
system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the
Internet or a private network.
 HTTP,
HTTP etc.

26
TCP/IP Model vs. OSI Model

27
Comparison between the OSI &
TCP/IP Model
 Differences:
 OSI Model: Seven layers, offers more detailed and comprehensive layering,
facilitating clearer separation of functions while the TCP/IP model: did not originally
clearly distinguish between service, interface, and protocol
 OSI model: supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication
in the network layer, but only connection-oriented communication in the transport
layer, where it counts while TCP/IP model: has only one mode in the network layer
(connectionless) but supports both modes in the transport layer, giving the users a
choice.
 TCP/IP Model: Four layers, more closely aligned with real-world networking
protocols, and is the foundation of the modern internet. OSI Model is a standard
model for all computer systems.
 Similarities:
o Both are based on the concept of a stack of independent protocols.
o Both models serve as conceptual tools to understand network protocols and
communication.
o The functionality of the layers are roughly similar.

28