Chemistry

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CHEMISTRY

RODEL T. ALIMJRONG, RN.,MAN.,LPT


CHEMISTRY – is the study of the composition, structure and properties of matter, the changes matter undergoes and the laws and principles governing these
changes.

The word “ chemistry” is derived from the Greek word “chemia” which means “ the art of metal working”.
THE ORIGIN OF MODERN
CHEMISTRY
– The study of chemistry probably began as early as 2000 B.C., when our ancestors
discovered how to produce fire. The use and control of fire marked the beginning of
chemistry for it was the first technological conquest far as change is involve.
– Civilization soon flourished, Greek civilization was at its peak during the fifth century
for they were able to melt metals to produce.
– Romans used lead as their water pipes.
– Egyptians used dyes to color the clothes they put on mummies before entombing
them.
– Aristotle (834-332 B.C) one of the great philosophers stated that the universe is
composed of four elements , the fire which is the highest, air, water, and the earth
which is the heaviest.
ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER was the Father of Modern Chemistry
because he introduced the idea of using modern method of testing scientific theories
with experiments.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

– Chemistry is divided into five major branches


– 1. Organic Chemistry – the study of carbon and its compound.
– 2. Inorganic Chemistry – the study of chemical elements and their compounds
with the exemption of carbon compounds.
– 3. Physical Chemistry – deals with the relations between the physical properties
of substances and their chemical formation along with their changes.
– 4. Biochemistry- the study of chemistry of living organisms.
– 5. Analytical Chemistry – deals with the identification of the composition of a
substance
MATTER - is anything that occupies space and has mass .

– CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
– The three physical forms , called states, in which matter occurs are; SOLID,
LIQUID AND GAS.
– SOLID –has both a fixed shape and a fixed volume; it does not follow the shape
of its container. Examples of solids are ice and naphthalene balls.
– LIQUID – has a fixed volume but has no definite shapes; it takes the shape of
the portion of the container that it occupies. Examples: water , alcohol and
vinegar.
– Gas – has no definite shape nor definite volume; it assumes the shape and
volume of its container.
– PLASMA – is defined as an ionized gas or a gas that conducts electricity . It
usually forms at very high temperatures.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

– Sir Williams Crookes discovered the fourth state of matter.


– Bose- Einstein Condensate – the fifth state of matter was conceptualized by
Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in the early 1920’s. Bose- Einstein
Condensate is a group of gaseous atoms liquefied at an extremely cold
temperature of a little above absolute zero.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ACCORDING
TO ITS COMPOSITION

– Matter is classified as either a Pure Substance or a mixture.


– Pure Substance is matter having definite composition and distinct properties. A
substance is either an element or a compound.
– An Element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances; it is
composed of one kind of atom.
– Atom the smallest particles of an element that retain the properties of the
element.

– Jons Jakob Berzelius a Swedish chemist, was the first to use letters for the chemical
symbols of elements.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
ACCORDING TO ITS COMPOSITION

– Elements in the periodic table can be classified into three main categories:
– 1. Metal are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are shiny , ductile
( can be stretched into thin wires), and malleable ( can be pounded into thin sheets).
– 2. Non-Metal are poor conductors of heat and electricity and are not ductile
or malleable.
– 3. Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and nonmetals .
They are solids that can be shiny or dull. They conduct heat and electricity better than
non-metals but not as well as metals.
– Compound is a substance that is made up of two or more elements , and thus
composed of two or more kinds of atoms.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
ACCORDING TO ITS COMPOSITION

– Major classification of compounds


– 1. Organic these are carbons –containing compounds. They do not
dissolve in water but decomposed by heat more easily. Most of
them are covalent bonds.
– 2. Inorganic these compounds that do not contain carbon. They
dissolve more or less readily in water and do not decompose easily
by heat. Mostly are Ionic bonds.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
ACCORDING TO ITS COMPOSITION

– A Mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which


each substance retains its own properties .
– Homogeneous materials that appear uniform all throughout is
said to be homogenous.
– Heterogeneous a material that has part with different properties is
heterogeneous mixture.
Three Types of Mixtures

– 1. Solution
– A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
– Example: sugar dissolved in water, soy sauce in vinegar
– Solute the substance that is dissolved
– Solvent the substance that does the dissolving.
– Water the universal solvent.
Three Types of Mixtures

– 2. Suspension
– A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which
some particles remain suspended as can be seen by the
naked eye.
– Example: mud in water, starch in water
Three Types of Mixtures

– 3. Colloid
– A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture in which
some particles are too small to be seen by the naked eye
but large enough to remain suspended. A colloid appears
to be homogeneous but when viewed with a powerful
microscope, some particles can be seen to be suspended.
– Example: jelly , mayonnaise
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

– Matter has observable and measurable qualities. Two basic types of properties
of matter are General properties and Specific properties .
– Matter can also be identified through its Physical and Chemical Properties.
– General Properties
– 1. Mass a measure of how much matter is in object.
– 2. Weight a measure of the force of gravity on an object.
– 3. Volume the amount of space that matter occupies.
– 4. Density the measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in
a given volume.
– 5. Inertia the property of matter to resist its state of motion or at rest.
Specific Properties

– 1. Hardness ability to cut other materials. Diamond is the hardest


carbon ever known it can cut glass because it is harder than glass.
– 2. Malleability ability to be hammered into thin sheets. Silver is
malleable, so it is used to make jewelries.
– 3. Tenacity the property of being strong. Steel is good for making
machines because it can stand stress.
– 4. Elasticity the ability of an object to return to its original size and
shape when stress is applied on it.
– 5. Luster the ability of substance to shine or reflect to light.
Specific Properties

– 6. Brittleness ability to be crumbled when subjected to a blow.


– 7. Ductility the ability of a material to be drawn into wire without
breaking.
– 8. Plasticity ability of a material to be molded into various shapes.
– 9. Porosity ability to absorb liquid.
– 10. Solubility ability of liquid to dissolve another substance.

Physical Properties

– These are properties that can be observed and measured without


changing the composition of the material.
– Physical Properties can be classified as intensive or extensive.
– Intensive properties do not depend on the size of the sample of
matter and can be used to identify substances. Examples : density ,
color, taste, hardness, and melting point
– Extensive properties depend on the quantity of the sample.
Example: mass, area, length , volume and shape.
– Chemical Properties describes the way a substance can change or react to form
other substances.
Physical and Chemical Change

– Physical Change occurs when the substance changes


state but does not change its chemical composition. It
will change the visible appearance , without changing the
composition of the material.
– Melting point , density , electrical conductivity , solubility,
hardness, boiling point, vapor pressure and color are
characteristic of physical change.
Chemical Change occurs when a substance changes into
something new. It is a change where a new form of matter is
formed .
– Characteristic of chemical change
– 1. reaction with acids
– 2. reaction with bases
– 3. reaction with oxygen (combustion)
– 4. ability to act as oxidizing agent
– 5. ability to act as reducing agent
– 6. reaction with other elements
– 7. decomposition into simpler substances and corrosion

Evidences of Chemical Change

– formation of bubbles
– 2. Evolution of heat and light
– 3. Evolution of gas
– 4. Formation of precipitate
– 5. Production of mechanical energy
6. Change in color
Structure of the Atom

– The Development of Atomic Theory


– Democritus (460-370 B.C.) , a student of Leucippus, proposed that matter is
composed of tiny indivisible particles which he called atomos, meaning “
indivisible” . He believed that each kind of atom was distinct and that
substance were mixtures of different kinds of atoms.
– Francis Bacon (1561- 1626) an English scientist and philosopher , revived the
concept of atoms .He believed that atom, which he called corpuscular was the
primary particle of matter.
The Development of Atomic Theory

– Daniel Sennert (1572-1637) , a German scientist , believed that atoms represented


the last degree of subdivision and the first degree of physical composition of matter,
however, he still believed that air, water, and fire were the elements that composed
of matter.
– Joachim Jungius (1587-1657), German Chemist defined element as a Unitary
substance that cannot be decomposed into other substances during physical or
chemical changes.
– Robert Boyle (1627-1691), English Chemist stressed that the basic nature of
elements changes if they decomposed chemically.
– John Dalton (1766- 1844) , an English scientist and school teacher , who was the first
to formulate a more precise definition of atoms which could be supported by
experimental evidence when he presented in 1808 his atomic theory.
The Subatomic Particles

Particle Symbol Mass (Amu) Charge

Proton p+ 1 +1

Neutron n 1 0

Electron e 1 -1
ATOM
The Subatomic Particles

– The proton and neutron of an atom are found in the nucleus, the dense central
part of the atom while the electron move around the nucleus.
– The number of particles in the nucleus is called mass number; hence, the mass
number is the sum of protons and neutrons.
– Since the mass of an electron is negligible compared to the masses of proton
and neutron , the mass of an atom called atomic mass, is approximately equal
to the atomic mass, is approximately equal to the mass number.
The Subatomic Particles

– Henry Moseley (English , 1887- 1915) in 1913, he assigned an


atomic number to each element. The atomic number of an
element is also the number of protons of that element.
– The following formulas can be used as a guide in determining the
numbers of the subatomic particles of an atom.
– 1. number of p+ = atomic number
– 2. mass number = no. of p+ + no of n.
– 3. number of e- = number of p+

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