Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry
The word “ chemistry” is derived from the Greek word “chemia” which means “ the art of metal working”.
THE ORIGIN OF MODERN
CHEMISTRY
– The study of chemistry probably began as early as 2000 B.C., when our ancestors
discovered how to produce fire. The use and control of fire marked the beginning of
chemistry for it was the first technological conquest far as change is involve.
– Civilization soon flourished, Greek civilization was at its peak during the fifth century
for they were able to melt metals to produce.
– Romans used lead as their water pipes.
– Egyptians used dyes to color the clothes they put on mummies before entombing
them.
– Aristotle (834-332 B.C) one of the great philosophers stated that the universe is
composed of four elements , the fire which is the highest, air, water, and the earth
which is the heaviest.
ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER was the Father of Modern Chemistry
because he introduced the idea of using modern method of testing scientific theories
with experiments.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
– CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
– The three physical forms , called states, in which matter occurs are; SOLID,
LIQUID AND GAS.
– SOLID –has both a fixed shape and a fixed volume; it does not follow the shape
of its container. Examples of solids are ice and naphthalene balls.
– LIQUID – has a fixed volume but has no definite shapes; it takes the shape of
the portion of the container that it occupies. Examples: water , alcohol and
vinegar.
– Gas – has no definite shape nor definite volume; it assumes the shape and
volume of its container.
– PLASMA – is defined as an ionized gas or a gas that conducts electricity . It
usually forms at very high temperatures.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
– Elements in the periodic table can be classified into three main categories:
– 1. Metal are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are shiny , ductile
( can be stretched into thin wires), and malleable ( can be pounded into thin sheets).
– 2. Non-Metal are poor conductors of heat and electricity and are not ductile
or malleable.
– 3. Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and nonmetals .
They are solids that can be shiny or dull. They conduct heat and electricity better than
non-metals but not as well as metals.
– Compound is a substance that is made up of two or more elements , and thus
composed of two or more kinds of atoms.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
ACCORDING TO ITS COMPOSITION
– 1. Solution
– A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
– Example: sugar dissolved in water, soy sauce in vinegar
– Solute the substance that is dissolved
– Solvent the substance that does the dissolving.
– Water the universal solvent.
Three Types of Mixtures
– 2. Suspension
– A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which
some particles remain suspended as can be seen by the
naked eye.
– Example: mud in water, starch in water
Three Types of Mixtures
– 3. Colloid
– A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture in which
some particles are too small to be seen by the naked eye
but large enough to remain suspended. A colloid appears
to be homogeneous but when viewed with a powerful
microscope, some particles can be seen to be suspended.
– Example: jelly , mayonnaise
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
– Matter has observable and measurable qualities. Two basic types of properties
of matter are General properties and Specific properties .
– Matter can also be identified through its Physical and Chemical Properties.
– General Properties
– 1. Mass a measure of how much matter is in object.
– 2. Weight a measure of the force of gravity on an object.
– 3. Volume the amount of space that matter occupies.
– 4. Density the measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in
a given volume.
– 5. Inertia the property of matter to resist its state of motion or at rest.
Specific Properties
– formation of bubbles
– 2. Evolution of heat and light
– 3. Evolution of gas
– 4. Formation of precipitate
– 5. Production of mechanical energy
6. Change in color
Structure of the Atom
Proton p+ 1 +1
Neutron n 1 0
Electron e 1 -1
ATOM
The Subatomic Particles
– The proton and neutron of an atom are found in the nucleus, the dense central
part of the atom while the electron move around the nucleus.
– The number of particles in the nucleus is called mass number; hence, the mass
number is the sum of protons and neutrons.
– Since the mass of an electron is negligible compared to the masses of proton
and neutron , the mass of an atom called atomic mass, is approximately equal
to the atomic mass, is approximately equal to the mass number.
The Subatomic Particles