Subject: ENSC 027

(Materials Science & Engineering)

Properties of Engineering Materials

April 4, 2023
10:30 am – 12:00nn
12:30 pm – 2:00pm
 Materials Science and Engineering
Components Material Science and Engineering

Above are the four components of the discipline of

materials science & engineering and their interrelationship.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Major classifications of engineering materials:
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials
1. Physical Properties of Materials
• Those which can be observed without change of identity of
material.
• Physical properties of metals are density, color, size and shape,
specific gravity of material, porosity etc.

• 1.1 Density of Materials

• Density is one of most fundamental physical properties of
any material.
• Density of material is defined as mass per unit volume
• Density is an important in many calculations because most
designs are limited by either size or weight.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials
1. Physical Properties of Materials
• 1.2 Shape and Size
• rectangular, circular, spherical, or any other section.
• length, width, height, depth etc.

• 1.3 Specific Gravity of Materials

• Ratio of density of material with respect to density of reference
material/substance. (water is considered as reference substance.
• Sometimes it is also called as relative density.

• 1.4 Porosity of Materials

• represents quantity of voids in solid materials.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials
2. Chemical Properties of materials
• related to changes in chemical composition of material because it
interacts with other substances.

3. Thermal Properties of materials

• Properties of material which is related to its conductivity of heat.
• Refer to characteristic behaviors of material under thermal load.
• Melting point is temperature at which material goes from solid to
liquid state at one atmosphere.
• Melting point states as transition and changing point between solid
and liquid phases.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials
4. Electrical Properties of engineering materials
• Their ability to conduct electrical current.
• Some of electrical properties of engineering materials:
• 4.1. Electrical Resistivity
• Resists flow of electric current through material
• 4.2. Electrical Conductivity
• That allows flow of electric current through material.
• 4.3. Dielectric Strength
• Indicates ability of material to withstand at high voltages.
• 4.4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
• Indicates change in resistance of material with change in temperature.
• 4.5. Thermoelectricity
• Formed by joining to two metals is heated, a small voltage of millivolt is
produced.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials
5. Magnetic Properties of Material
• Those which determine ability of material for particular magnetic
application.
• 5.1. Permeability
• Indicates that how easily magnetic flux is build up in material.
• 5.2. Hysteresis
• The lack of retrace ability of magnetization curve.
• Magnetic hysteresis is rising temperature at which given
material ceases to be ferromagnetic, or falling temperature
at which it becomes magnetic.
• 5.3. Coercive Force
• Magnetizing force which is essential to neutralize completely
magnetism in an electromagnet after value of magnetizing
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Types of Properties of Engineering Materials
6. Optical Properties
• Optical properties that define material response to incident
radiation can be described as transmission, reflection and
absorption. Every solid material emits thermal radiation.

7. Mechanical Properties
• Help to measure how materials behave under load. It includes
density, hardness and elasticity.
• Reflect relationship between its response to and deformation from
an applied load or force.
• The behavior under applied forces.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Introduction
The knowledge of materials and their properties is of great significance for a design
engineer. The machine elements should be made of such a material which has properties
suitable for the conditions of operation. In addition to this, a design engineer must be
familiar with the effects which the manufacturing processes and heat treatment have on
the properties of the materials. In this chapter, we shall discuss the commonly used
engineering materials and their properties in Machine Design
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials
1. Chemical composition
2. Atomic bonding
3. Corrosion resistance
4. Acidity or Alkalinity
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials
1. Chemical composition
• The chemical composition of engineering material indicates the
elements which are combined together to form that material.
• Chemical composition of a material effects the properties of
engineering materials very much.
• The strength, hardness, ductility, brittleness, corrosion resistance,
weldability etc. depends on chemical composition of materials.
Hence, we should also have the knowledge of chemical
composition of engineering materials
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials
1. Chemical composition
Sl. No. Material Chemical Composition
1. Steel Fe, Cr, Ni
2. Brass Cu = 90%, Ni = 10%
3. Bronze 90% Cu, 10% Ni
4. Invar Fe = 64%, Ni = 36%

5. Gun Metal Cu = 88%, Tin = 10%, Zn = 2%

6. German Silver or Nickel Silver or Electrum Cu = 50%, Zn = 30%, Ni = 20%

7. Nichrome Ni = 60%, Cr = 15%, Fe = 25%

8. Phosphor Bronge Cu = 89 – 95.50% , Tin = 3.50 -10%, P = 1%

9. Manganin Cu = 84%, Mn = 12%, Ni = 4%

10. Constantan Cu = 60%, Ni = 40%

 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials
2. Atomic Bonding
• Represents how atoms are bounded to each other to form the
material. Many properties, such as melting point, boiling point,
thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of materials are
governed by atomic bonding of materials.

• Types:
• Ionic bond – forms by exchanging of valence electrons
between atoms.
• Covalent bonds – forms by sharing of electrons between
atoms.
• Metallic bonds – found in metals.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials
3. Corrosion Resistance:
• Corrosion is a gradual chemical or electromechemical attack on a
metal by its surrounding medium.
• Corrosion of a metals is effected by many factors such as air,
industrial atmosphere, acid, bases, slat solutions and soils etc.
Corrosion has a very adverse effect on materials. Due to corrosion,
the strength and life of a material is reduced.
• Corrosion resistance of a material is the ability of material to resist
the oxidation in atmospheric condition.
• To avoid the corrosion of these metal in pure form, we use these
metals in the form of alloys such as stainless steel, brass, bronze,
silver, etc.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials
4. Acidity or Alkalinity
• Acidity of Alkalinity of material indicates that how they react
with other materials.
• Acidity or Alkalinity is an important chemical property of
engineering materials.
• A material is acetic or Alkane, it is decided by the ph value of
the material. Ph value of a material varies from 0 to 14. Ph
value of 7 is considered to be neutral.
• Ordinary water is having ph value of 7.
• Materials which are having ph value below 7 are called Acetic
and Materials which are having ph value greater than 7 are
called alkane.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Chemical Properties of Engineering Materials
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Selection of Materials for Engineering Purposes
Consideration in selecting the material:

1. Availability of the materials,

2. Suitability of the materials.

3. The cost of the materials.

 Materials Science and Engineering
Major classifications of engineering materials:
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Some example of valuable metals with physical properties such as
cluster, colour, size and shape, density, electric and thermal
conductivity, and melting point.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals
• The mechanical properties of the metals are those which are
associated with the ability of the material to resist mechanical
forces and load.

1. Strength.
The ability of a material to resist the externally applied
forces without breaking or yielding
2. Stiffness.
It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under
stress. The modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals
3. Elasticity.
• It is the property of a material to regain its original
shape after deformation when the external forces are
removed.
• This property is desirable for materials used in tools and
machines. It may be noted that steel is more elastic
than rubber.
4. Plasticity.
• It is property of a material which retains the deformation
produced under load permanently.
• This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in
stamping images on coins and in ornamental work.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals:
• 5. Ductility.
• It is the property enabling it to be drawn into wire with the
application of a tensile force.
• A ductile material must be both strong and plastic.
• The ductility is usually measured by the terms, percentage
elongation and percentage reduction in area.
• The ductile material commonly used in engineering practice (in
order of diminishing ductility) are mild steel, copper,
aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.
• 6. Brittleness.
• It is opposite to ductility.
• The breaking of a material with little permanent distortion.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals
• 7. Malleability.
• It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be
rolled or hammered into thin sheets.
• A malleable material should be plastic but it is not essential to
be so strong. The malleable materials commonly used in
engineering practice (in order of diminishing malleability) are
lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminium.
• 8. Toughness.
• It is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high
impact loads like hammer blows.
• This property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and
impact loads.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals
• 9. Machinability.
• Refers to a relative case with w/c a material can be cut.
• Note that brass can be easily machined than steel.
• 10. Resilience.
• To absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads.
• This property is essential for spring materials.
• 11. Creep.
• Means a slow and permanent deformation
• This property is considered in designing internal combustion
engines, boilers and turbines.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals
• 12. Fatigue.
• The failure of the material when subjected to repeated
stresses below the yield point stresses.
• This is considered in designing shafts, connecting rods,
springs, gears, etc.
• 13. Hardness.
• The resistance of a metal to attempts to deform it.
• It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide
variety of meanings.
• It embraces many different properties such as resistance to
wear, scratching, deformation and machinability etc
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals
13. Hardness.
• How to determine:
(a) Brinell hardness test - The Brinell test was one of the first
widely accepted hardness tests for indentation hardness
measurement. In the Brinell test, a steel ball of 10 mm
diameter is used as an indenter to create an impression on
the test piece to calculate its Brinell hardness number.

(b) Rockwell hardness test - Rockwell hardness test is the most

commonly used method for indentation hardness
measurements. The value of Rockwell hardness is
accompanied by the scale used.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties of Metals
13. Hardness.
• How to determine:
(c) Vickers hardness (also called Diamond Pyramid) test - This
is especially suitable for softer materials that do not need high
loads. With soft materials, the Vickers method provides better
accuracy.

(d) Shore scleroscope - A scleroscope is a device used to

measure the rebound or dynamic hardness of materials. The
setup consists of a hollow vertical glass tube connected to a
stand. Through this tube, a diamond hammer is dropped onto
the test piece and the bounce of the hammer is recorded.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials

Brinell Tester :
This machine
invented by the
Swedish
metallurgist
Johann August
Brinell (1849-
1925), measure
hardness precisely.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
2.6 Ferrous Metals
We have already discussed in Art. 2.2 that the ferrous metals are those which have iron as
their main constituent. The ferrous metals commonly used in engineering practice are cast
iron, wrought iron, steels and alloy steels. The principal raw material for all ferrous metals is
pig iron which is obtained by smelting iron ore with coke and limestone, in the blast furnace.
The principal iron ores with their metallic contents are shown in the following table :
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Cast Iron
The cast iron is obtained by re-melting pig iron with coke and limestone in a furnace known
as cupola. It is primarily an alloy of iron and carbon. The carbon contents in cast iron varies
from 1.7 per cent to 4.5 per cent. It also contains small amounts of silicon, manganese,
phosphorous and sulphur.

The carbon in a cast iron is present in either of the following two forms:

1. Free carbon or graphite, and

2. Combined car- bon or cementite.
Since the cast iron is a brittle material, therefore, it cannot be used in those parts of
machines which are subjected to shocks. The properties of cast iron which make it a valuable
material for engineering purposes are its low cost, good casting characteristics, high
compressive strength, wear resistance and excellent machinability. The compressive strength
of cast iron is much greater than the tensile strength.
 Materials Science and Engineering
Properties of Engineering Materials
Cast Iron
Following are the values of ultimate strength of cast iron :
Tensile strength = 100 to 200 MPa*
Compressive strength = 400 to 1000 MPa
Shear strength = 120 MPa

1MPa = 1MN/m2 = 1 × 106 N/m2 = 1 N/mm2

Smelting : Ores consist of non-metallic elements like

oxygen or sulphur combined with the wanted metal.
Iron is separated from the oxygen in its ore heating it
with carbon monoxide derived from coke ( a form of
carbon made from coal). Limestone is added to keep
impurities liquid so that the iron can separate from
them.
 Materials Science and Engineering

Take Aways and Assignment:

1. Relax and Enjoy Studying
2. Don’t hesitate to ask questions
3. Solve Assignment Problems
4. Advanced Reading for next Topic
5. Pray……
6. Ingtaz….
 Materials Science and Engineering

That’s all for today class,

God bless
and see you next meeting…