Java™ How to Program, 8/e

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 The core of the book emphasizes achieving program
clarity through the proven techniques of object-oriented
programming.
 live-code approach—Java features presented in

complete working Java programs.

 Download example programs

 www.deitel.com/books/jhtp8/
 www.prenhall.com/deitel
 See the Before You Begin section after the Preface

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 You’ll learn to write instructions commanding
computers to perform tasks.
 Software (i.e., the instructions you write) controls

hardware hardware (i.e., computers).

 Java is one of today’s most popular languages for

developing software.

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 Computer use is increasing in almost every field of
endeavor.
 Computing costs are dropping dramatically.
 More than a billion general-purpose computers are in

use worldwide.

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 Over the years, many programmers learned structured
programming.
 You’ll learn structured programming and object-

oriented programming—the key programming

methodology used by programmers today.
 You’ll create and work with many software objects.

 Their internal structure is often built using structured-

programming techniques.
 The logic of manipulating objects is occasionally
expressed with structured programming.

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 Java has become the language of choice for
implementing Internet-based applications and software
for devices that communicate over a network.
 There are now billions of Java-enabled mobile phones

and handheld devices.

 Java is the preferred language for meeting many

organizations’ enterprisewide programming needs.

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 This book is based on Java Standard Edition (Java SE)
6, Update 11
 Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE)

 geared toward developing large-scale, distributed networking

applications and web-based applications.
 Java Micro Edition (Java ME)
 geared toward developing applications for small, memory-
constrained devices, such as cell phones, pagers and PDAs.

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 Authors’ e-mail
 [email protected].
 The Deitel® Buzz Online
 www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html
 Java Resource Centers (and other related ones)
 www.deitel.com/ResourceCenters.html.

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 Computer—A device that can perform computations and
make logical decisions phenomenally faster than human
beings can.
 Today’s personal computers can perform billions of
calculations in one second.
 Supercomputers are already performing thousands of
trillions (quadrillions) of instructions per second.
 Computers process data under the control of sets of
instructions called computer programs.
 These programs guide the computer through orderly sets of
actions specified by people called computer programmers.

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 A computer consists of various devices referred to as
hardware
 e.g., the keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, DVD, CD-
ROM and processing units
 The programs that run on a computer are referred to as
software.

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 Logical units or sections of a computer
 Input unit. This “receiving” section obtains information

(data and computer programs) from input devices and

places it at the disposal of the other units so that it can
be processed.
 Input devices

 Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, hard drives, CD

drives, DVD drives, USB drives and more

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 Output unit. This “shipping” section takes information
that the computer has processed and places it on
various output devices to make it available for use
outside the computer.
 Output devices

 Screen, printer, speakers and more

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 Memory unit
 Rapid-access, relatively low-capacity “warehouse” section
retains information that has been entered through the input
unit, making it immediately available for processing when
needed.
 Retains processed information until it can be placed on output
devices by the output unit.
 Information in the memory unit is volatile—it’s typically lost
when the computer’s power is turned off.
 Often called either memory or primary memory.

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 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 “Manufacturing” section performs calculations, such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
 Contains the mechanisms that allow the computer to make
decisions.
 In today’s systems, the ALU is usually implemented as part of
the next logical unit, the CPU.

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 Central processing unit (CPU)
 “Administrative” section coordinates and supervises the
operation of the other sections.
 Tells the input unit when information should be read into the
memory unit.
 Tells the ALU when information from the memory unit should
be used in calculations and tells the output unit when to send
information from the memory unit to certain output devices.
 Many of today’s computers have multiple CPUs—such
computers are called multiprocessors.
 A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing on a single
integrated circuit chip.

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 Secondary storage unit
 Long-term, high-capacity “warehousing” section.
 Programs or data not actively being used by the other units
normally are placed on secondary storage devices (e.g., your
hard drive) until they are again needed, possibly hours, days,
months or even years later.
 Information on secondary storage devices is persistent—it is
preserved even when the computer’s power is turned off.
 Examples of secondary storage: CDs, DVDs and flash drives

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 Early computers performed one job or task at a time.
 Single-user batch processing
 The computer ran a single program while processing data in
groups or batches.
 Operating systems
 Developed to make using computers more convenient.
 Smoothed and speeded up the transition between jobs,
increasing the amount of work, or throughput, computers could
process in a given time.
 Multiprogramming
 Simultaneous operation of many jobs that are competing to
share the computer’s resources.

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 1977: Apple Computer popularized personal
computing.
 1981: IBM introduced the IBM Personal Computer.
 Quickly legitimized personal computing in business, industry
and government organizations.
 Early personal computers could be linked together in
computer networks, sometimes over telephone lines
and sometimes in local area networks (LANs) within
an organization.
 Led to distributed computing—computing distributed over
networks to the sites where the organization’s work is
performed.

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 Personal computers now are as powerful as the million-
dollar machines of just a few decades ago.
 Servers store data that may be used by client computers

distributed throughout the network—hence the term

client/server computing.
 Java is widely used for writing software for computer

networking and for distributed client/server

applications.

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 The Internet
 Global network of computers
 Has its roots in the 1960s, when funding was supplied by the
U.S. Department of Defense.
 Now accessible by billions of computers and computer-
controlled devices worldwide.
 World Wide Web
 Allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-based
documents on almost any subject over the Internet.

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 Programmers write instructions in various
programming languages, some directly understandable
by computers and others requiring intermediate
translation steps.
 Three general language types:

 Machine languages
 Assembly languages
 High-level languages

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 Any computer can directly understand only its own
machine language.
 This is the computer’s “natural language,” defined by its hard-
ware de-sign.
 Generally consist of strings of numbers (ultimately reduced to
1s and 0s) that instruct computers to perform their most
elementary operations one at a time.
 Machine dependent—a particular ma-chine language can be
used on only one type of computer.

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 Englishlike abbreviations that represent elementary
operations formed the basis of assembly languages.
 Translator programs called assemblers convert

assembly-language programs to machine language.

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 High-level languages
 Single statements accomplish substantial tasks.
 Compilers convert high-level language programs into machine
language.
 Allow you to write instructions that look almost like everyday
English and contain commonly used mathematical notations.
 C, C++, Microsoft’s .NET languages (e.g., Visual
Basic, Visual C++ and C#) are among the most widely
used high-level programming languages; Java is by far
the most widely used.

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 Compiling a high-level language program into machine
language can take a considerable amount of computer
time.
 Interpreter programs execute high-level language

programs directly, although slower than compiled

programs run.
 Java uses a clever mixture of compilation and

interpretation to run programs.

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 Java evolved from C++, which evolved from C, which
evolved from BCPL and B.
 C

 Originally implemented in 1972

 Evolved from B by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories
 Became widely known as the UNIX operating system’s
development language
 Today, most of the code for general-purpose operating systems
is written in C or C++.

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 C++
 An extension of C
 Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the early 1980s at Bell
Laboratories
 Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming.
 Hybrid language—it’s possible to program in either a C-like
style, an object-oriented style or both.

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 Microprocessors are having a profound impact in intelligent
consumer-electronic devices.
 1991
 Recognizing this, Sun Microsystems funded an internal corporate
research project, which resulted in a C++-based language named
Java
 Created by James Gosling.
 1993
 The web exploded in popularity
 Sun saw the potential of using Java to add dynamic content to web
pages.
 Java garnered the attention of the business community
because of the phenomenal interest in the web.

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 Java programs consist of pieces called classes.
 Classes include methods that perform tasks and return
information when the tasks complete.
 Java class libraries
 Rich collections of existing classes
 Also known as the Java APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
 Two aspects to learning the Java “world.”
 The Java language it-self
 The classes in the extensive Java class libraries
 Download the Java API documentation
 java.sun.com/javase/downloads/
 Scroll down to the Additional Resources section and click the
Download button to the right of Java SE 6 Documentation.

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 Programming tips
 Software Engineering Observations—explain concepts that
affect and improve the overall architecture and quality of
software systems.
 Good Programming Practices—help you write programs that
are clearer, more understandable, more maintainable and easier
to test and debug—i.e., remove programming errors.
 Common Programming Errors—discuss problems to watch out
for and avoid.

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 Programming tips (cont.):
 Performance Tips—techniques for writing programs that run
faster and use less memory
 Portability Tips—techniques to help you write programs that
can run, with little or no modification, on a variety of
computers
 Error-Prevention Tips—techniques for removing bugs from
your programs
 Look-and-Feel Observations—techniques to help you design
the “look” and “feel” of your applications’ user interfaces

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 Fortran (FORmula TRANslator)
 Developed by IBM Corporation in the mid-1950s
 Used for scientific and engineering applications that require
complex mathematical computations.
 Still widely used in engineering applications.
 COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
 Developed in the late 1950s by computer manufacturers, the
U.S. government and industrial computer users
 Used for commercial applications that require precise and
efficient manipulation of large amounts of data.
 Much business software is still programmed in COBOL.

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 Research in the 1960s resulted in the evolution of
structured programming
 A disciplined approach to writing programs that are clearer,
easier to test and debug and easier to modify than large
programs produced with previous techniques.
 Pascal
 Developed by Professor Niklaus Wirth in 1971
 Designed for teaching struc-tured programming in academic
environments.

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 Ada programming
 Developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of
Defense (DOD) during the 1970s and early 1980s.
 The DOD wanted a single language to fill most of its needs.
 Named after Lady Ada Lovelace, daughter of poet Lord Byron.
 She’s credited with writing the world’s first computer program in
the early 1800s.
 Supports multitasking—allows programmers to specify that
many activities in a program are to occur in parallel.
 Java, through a technique called multithreading, also enables
programmers to write programs with parallel activities.

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 BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code)
 Developed in the mid-1960s at Dartmouth College as a means of
writing simple programs.
 Used to familiarize novices with programming techniques.
 Microsoft’s Visual Basic
 Introduced in the early 1990s to simplify the development of
Microsoft Windows applications.
 Microsoft’s latest development tools
 Corporatewide strategy for integrating the Internet and the web into
computer applications.
 Implemented in Microsoft’s .NET platform
 Three primary programming languages: Visual Basic (based on the
original BASIC), Visual C++ (based on C++) and C# (based on C++
and Java, and developed expressly for the .NET platform).

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 Java program development and execution cycle
(illustrated in Fig. 1.1).

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 Java programs normally go through five phases
 edit
 compile
 load
 verify
 execute

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 We discuss these phases in the context of the Java SE
Development Kit 6 (JDK6) from Sun Microsystems, Inc.
 Download the most up-to-date JDK and its documentation
from java.sun.com/javase/downloads/.
 Carefully follow the installation instructions for the JDK
provided in the Before You Begin section of this book to
ensure that you set up your computer properly to compile
and execute Java programs.
 Sun’s New to Java Center at:
 java.sun.com/new2java/

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 Phase 1 consists of editing a file with an editor program
(normally known simply as an editor).
 Type a Java program (source code) using the editor
 Make any necessary corrections
 Save the program
 A file name ending with the .java extension indicates that the
file contains Java source code.
 Linux editors: vi and emacs.
 Windows editors: Notepad, EditPlus
(www.editplus.com), TextPad (www.textpad.com)
and jEdit (www.jedit.org).

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 Integrated development environments (IDEs)
 Provide tools that support the software-development process,
including editors for writing and editing programs and
debuggers for locating logic errors—errors that cause
programs to execute incorrectly.
 Popular IDEs
 Eclipse (www.eclipse.org)
 NetBeans (www.netbeans.org)
 JBuilder (www.codegear.com)
 JCreator (www.jcreator.com)
 BlueJ (www.blueJ.org)
 jGRASP (www.jgrasp.org)

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 Phase 2
 Use the command javac (the Java compiler) to compile a
program. For example, to compile a program called
Welcome.java, you’d type
javac Welcome.java
 If the program compiles, the compiler produces a .class file
called Welcome.class that contains the compiled version
of the program.

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 Java compiler translates Java source code into bytecodes
that represent the tasks to execute.
 Bytecodes are executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
—a part of the JDK and the foundation of the Java platform.
 Virtual machine (VM)—a software application that
simulates a computer
 Hides the underlying operating system and hardware from the
programs that interact with it.
 If the same VM is implemented on many computer
platforms, applications that it executes can be used on all
those platforms.

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 Bytecodes are platform independent
 They do not depend on a particular hardware platform.
 Bytecodes are portable
 The same bytecodes can execute on any platform containing a
JVM that understands the version of Java in which the
bytecodes were compiled.
 The JVM is invoked by the java command. For
example, to execute a Java application called
Welcome, you’d type the command
java Welcome

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 Phase 3
 The JVM places the program in memory to execute it
 This is known as loading.
 Class loader takes the .class files containing the program’s
bytecodes and transfers them to primary memory.
 Also loads any of the .class files provided by Java that your
program uses.
 The .class files can be loaded from a disk on your system or
over a network.

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 Phase 4
 As the classes are loaded, the bytecode verifier examines their
bytecodes
 Ensures that they are valid and do not violate Java’s security
restrictions.
 Java enforces strong security to make sure that Java programs
arriving over the network do not damage your files or your
system (as computer viruses and worms might).

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 Phase 5
 The JVM executes the program’s bytecodes.
 JVM typically uses a combination of interpretation and just-in-time
(JIT) compilation.
 Analyzes the bytecodes as they are interpreted, searching for hot
spots—parts of the bytecodes that execute frequently.
 A just-in-time (JIT) compiler (the Java HotSpot compiler) translates
the bytecodes into the underlying computer’s machine language.
 When the JVM encounters these compiled parts again, the faster
machine-language code executes.
 Java programs actually go through two compilation phases
 One in which source code is translated into bytecodes (for portability
across computer platforms)
 A second in which, during execution, the bytecodes are translated into
machine language for the actual computer on which the program executes.

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 Web-based version of the Java API documentation
 java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/index.html
 Download this documentation to your own computer
 java.sun.com/javase/downloads/
 Additional technical details on many aspects of Java
development
 java.sun.com/reference/docs/index.html

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 Checking your setup. Read the Before You Begin
section of the book to confirm that you’ve set up Java
properly on your computer and that you’ve copied the
book’s examples to your hard drive.

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 Unified Modeling Language™ (UML™)
 A graphical language that allows people who design software
systems to use an industry-standard notation to represent them.
 Chapters 12–13 present an object-oriented design and
implementation of the software for a simple automated
teller machine (ATM).

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 Objects
 Reusable software components that model real world items.
 Humans think in terms of objects. People, animals, plants, cars,
etc.
 Have attributes (e.g., size, shape, color and weight)
 Exhibit behaviors (e.g., a ball rolls, bounces, inflates and
deflates; a baby cries, sleeps, crawls, walks and blinks; a car
accelerates, brakes and turns; a towel absorbs water).

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 Object-oriented design (OOD)
 Models software in terms similar to those that people use to
describe real-world objects.
 Class relationships
 Inheritance relationships
 Models communication between objects (via messages).
 Encapsulates attributes and operations (behaviors) into objects.
 Information hiding
 Objects may know how to communicate with one another across
well-defined interfaces, but normally they are not allowed to know
how other objects are implemented.

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 Object oriented languages
 Programming in such a language, called object-oriented
programming (OOP)
 Allows you to implement an object-oriented design as a working
system.
 Java is object oriented.
 Focus on creating classes.
 Each contains fields and the set of methods that manipulate the fields
and provide services to clients (i.e., other classes that use the class).
 Programmers use existing classes as the building blocks for
constructing new classes.
 Classes are to objects as blueprints are to houses.
 Associations—relationships between classes.
 Packaging software as classes facilitates reuse.

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 Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD)
 Analyzing your project’s requirements (i.e., determining what
the system is supposed to do) and developing a design that
satisfies them (i.e., deciding how the system should do it).
 Unified Modeling Language (UML)—A single
graphical language for communicating the results of
any OOAD process has come into wide use.
 The UML is the most widely used graphical

representation scheme for modeling object-oriented

systems.

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 Web use exploded in the mid-to-late 1990s
 The “dot com” economic bust brought hard times in the

early 2000s.
 Resurgence began in 2004 with Web 2.0.
 Google is widely regarded as the signature company of

Web 2.0.
 Web services enable Web 2.0.

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 Ajax
 One of the premier Web 2.0 technologies.
 Helps Internet-based applications perform like desktop
applications.
 Blogs
 Websites that are like online diaries.
 Blogosphere—The collection of all blogs and the blogging
community.
 RSS feeds
 Enable sites to push information to subscribers.
 Commonly used to deliver blog postings.

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 Web 3.0
 Another name for the next generation of the web, also called
the Semantic Web.
 Web 1.0 was almost purely HTML-based.
 Web 2.0 is making increasing use of XML, especially in
technologies like RSS feeds and web services.
 Web 3.0 will make deep use of XML, creating a “web of
meaning.”

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 Agile Software Development is a set of methodologies that
try to get software implemented quickly using fewer
resources than previous methodologies.
 Refactoring involves reworking code to make it clearer and
easier to maintain while preserving its functionality.
 Design patterns are proven architectures for constructing
flexible and maintainable object-oriented software.
 Game programming. The computer game business is larger
than the first-run movie business. College courses and even
majors are now devoted to the sophisticated techniques used
in game programming.

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 Open-source software
 A software-development style in which individuals and companies
contribute their efforts in developing, maintaining and evolving
software in exchange for the right to use that software for their own
purposes, typically at no charge.
 Sun has open sourced the Sun implementation of the Java
Development Kit.
 Eclipse Foundation (the Eclipse IDE is popular for Java software
development)
 Mozilla Foundation (creators of the Firefox web browser)
 Apache Software Foundation (creators of the Apache web server)
 SourceForge (which provides the tools for managing open-source
projects and currently has over 100,000 open-source projects under
development)

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 Linux
 An open-source operating system
 One of the greatest successes of the open-source movement.
 MySQL
 An open-source database management system.
 PHP
 The most popular open-source server-side Internet “scripting”
language for developing Internet-based applications.
 LAMP
 An acronym for the set of open-source technologies that many
developers used to build web applications—it stands for Linux,
Apache, MySQL and PHP (or Perl or Python—two other languages
used for similar purposes).

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 Ruby on Rails
 Combines the scripting language Ruby with the Rails web
application framework developed by the company 37Signals.
 Many Ruby on Rails developers have reported significant
productivity gains over using other languages when developing
database-intensive web applications.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights re

served.
 Software as a Service (SAAS)
 Software that runs on servers elsewhere on the Internet.
 When that server is updated, all clients worldwide see the new
capabilities; no local installation is needed.
 You access the service through a browser.
 You can run the same applications on different kinds of
computers from anywhere in the world.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights re

served.