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The gastrointestinal tract is prone to developmental abnormalities. Common congenital anomalies include atresia (incomplete development leaving segments not connected), fistulae (abnormal connections between organs), and duplications. Other issues are diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, ectopic tissue, Meckel's diverticulum, pyloric stenosis, and Hirschsprung disease. Many conditions require prompt surgical repair to prevent complications like aspiration or infection.

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Git

The gastrointestinal tract is prone to developmental abnormalities. Common congenital anomalies include atresia (incomplete development leaving segments not connected), fistulae (abnormal connections between organs), and duplications. Other issues are diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, ectopic tissue, Meckel's diverticulum, pyloric stenosis, and Hirschsprung disease. Many conditions require prompt surgical repair to prevent complications like aspiration or infection.

Uploaded by

Hafsa Shykh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONGENITAL

ABNORMALITIES OF
GIT
DR.ABDUL AZIZ SHAIKH
M.B.B.S &M.PHIL PATH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
LEARNING OUT COMES
Atresia, Fistulae, and Duplications
Diaphragmatic Hernia,Omphalocele,
and Gastroschisis
Ectopia
Meckel Diverticulum
Pyloric Stenosis
Hirschsprung Disease
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a
hollow tube extending from the
oral cavity to the anus

that consists of anatomically


distinct segments including the
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, colon, rectum, and anus.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

The GI tract is a common site of


developmental abnormalities,

often in association with congenital


defects of other organ systems.

• Atresia and fistulae are developmental


anomalies that typically present at birth.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Imperforate anus is the


most common form of
congenital intestinal atresia,
while the esophagus is the
most common site of
fistulization
ATRESIA, FISTULAE, AND
DUPLICATIONS
Atresia, fistulae, and duplications may
occur in any part of the GI tract.
Most of the lesions are incompatible with
survival with out prompt surgical repair
In atresia, a segment of the esophagus

does not develop, leaving only a thin, non


canalized cord and causing a mechanical
obstruction
Atresia
Atresia occurs most commonly at or near the
tracheal bifurcation and is usually associated
with a fistula connecting the upper or lower
esophageal segments to a bronchus or the
trachea

Inother cases a fistula can be present with


out atresia
Tracheoesophageal fistula

Any of the three primary forms of


trachea-esophageal fistula can lead
to
aspiration, suffocation,pneumonia,
and severe fluid and electrolyte
imbalances
Esophageal atresia and trachea-esophageal fistula.
(A) Blind upper and lower esophagus with thin cord of
connective tissue linking the two segments.
(B) Blind upper segment with fistula between lower
segment and trachea.
(C) Fistula (without atresia) between patent esophagus and
trachea.
Esophageal atresia
and trachea-
esophageal fistula.

(A) Blind upper and


lower esophagus with
thin cord of
connective tissue
linking the two
segments.
(B) Blind
upper
segment with
fistula
between lower
segment and
trachea.
(C) Fistula
(without atresia)

between patent
esophagus and
trachea
Types of trachea-esophageal fistulae
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Stenosis may be developmental or acquired.


Both forms are characterized by a thickened
wall and partial or complete luminal obstruction

Acquired forms are often due to inflammatory


scarring.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Diaphragmatic hernia is characterized by


incomplete diaphragm development and
herniation of abdominal organs into the
thorax,often producing pulmonary hypoplasia.

Omphalocele and gastroschisis refer to


ventral herniation of abdominal organs.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Ectopia refers to normally formed tissues


at an abnormal site.

This is common in the GI tract, with


ectopic gastric mucosa in the upper third
of the esophagus being the most common
form.
A true diverticulum, defined by the
presence of all three layers of the bowel
wall, that stems from failed involution of
Meckel
the diverticulum
vitelline duct.

It is a frequent site of gastric ectopia,


which may result in peptic injury and
occult bleeding.
Meckel diverticulum. The blind pouch is
located on the anti- mesenteric side of the
small bowel.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric


stenosis presents between the

third and sixth weeks of life


and is more common in males.
Hirschsprung disease

Hirschsprung disease is caused by


the failure of neural crest–derived
ganglion cells to migrate into the
distal colon.

The defect, which always involves


the rectum, extends proximally for
variable distances.
Hirschsprung disease.

(A) Preoperative barium enema study


showing constricted rectum (bottom of
the image) and dilated sigmoid colon.

(B) Corresponding intraoperative


photograph showing constricted rectum
and dilation of the sigmoid colon.

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