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Chapter 2 Database Concepts and Applications

This document discusses database concepts and applications in human resource information systems. It defines key terms like data, information and knowledge. It explains how a database management system (DBMS) allows organizations to effectively manage data by identifying, defining, organizing and restricting access to data. The document outlines the history of DBMS, from early file-oriented systems to modern relational DBMSs. It describes relational database structures including entities, attributes, tables, primary keys and relationships. The document also discusses queries, forms and reports as tools for interacting with database data.

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214 views16 pages

Chapter 2 Database Concepts and Applications

This document discusses database concepts and applications in human resource information systems. It defines key terms like data, information and knowledge. It explains how a database management system (DBMS) allows organizations to effectively manage data by identifying, defining, organizing and restricting access to data. The document outlines the history of DBMS, from early file-oriented systems to modern relational DBMSs. It describes relational database structures including entities, attributes, tables, primary keys and relationships. The document also discusses queries, forms and reports as tools for interacting with database data.

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CHAPTER 2: DATABASE

CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS


IN
HUMAN RESOURCE
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 Data represent the “facts” of transactions that occur on a daily basis
 Information is the interpretation of these data
 Knowledge is information that has been given meaning (Whitehill, 1997) –
“How”

DATA, INFORMATION, AND


KNOWLEDGE
 DBMS is a set of software applications (i.e., computer programs) combined
with a database
 Allows organizations to effectively manage data
 identifying the data needed to create information that is necessary to make HR
decisions,
 defining the characteristics of that data (e.g., number data vs. character data),
 organizing those data in a manner that promotes integration, data quality and
accessibility, and finally
 restricting access to the data to the right personnel
 Turns data into an organizational resource

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS


 Database: a set of organized data
 Permanent, self-descriptive store of interrelated data items that can be processed by one or
more business applications

 Main functions of a DBMS


 to create the database; insert, read, update, and delete database data;
 maintain data integrity (i.e., making sure that the data are correct) and security (i.e.,
making sure that onlythe right people have access to the data); and
 prevent data from being lost by providing backup and recovery capabilities.
 Database management systems are also designed to have high performance, allowing
data to be retrieved quickly by the many users in the organization.
DATABASE, DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM, AND BUSINESS
APPLICATIONS
 Early DBMSs: the traditional file-oriented data structures
 data-processing systems that performed record-keeping functions
 The goal was not on data sharing among different business applications and users
 Shortcomings: (a) data redundancy; (b) poor data control; (c) inadequate data
manipulation capabilities; (d) excessive programming effort
 Good at specialized transaction processing

HISTORY OF DBMS
Relational DBMSs
 Hierarchical and network database systems
 Hierarchical and network database systems
 relationships between different records
 relationships were created based on where the data were stored
 Retrieval of data from different tables was based on logical relationships built
into the table structures
 Data are easily shared
 Data Sharing Between Different Functions
 Data Sharing Between Different Levels
 Data Sharing Across Locations

RELATIONAL DBMSS
 Entities and Attributes
 Entities are things such as employees, jobs, promotion transactions, positions in
company, and so on.
 Entities is made up of “attributes.” An attribute is a characteristic of the entity
 Tables
 One table is created for each entity
 Attributes are stored as the columns
 Rows are also referred to as records and represent an “instance” of the entity

KEY RELATIONAL DATABASE


TERMINOLOGY
RELATIONAL DATABASE STRUCTURE
 Relationships are created by having the same attribute in each table with the
value of the attribute being the same in each table
 Primary Key
 Foreign Key

RELATIONSHIPS, PRIMARY KEYS, AND


FOREIGN KEYS
 Is a structured way of posing your question to the DBMS in a language the
DBMSs understand.
 Searches through the current table records and lists the results.
 Do not store data, data are stored in tables.

QUERIES
 A select query allows you to ask a question based on one or more tables in a
database
 Action query performs an action on the table on which it is based
 Cross-tab query performs calculations on the values in a field and displays the
results in a datasheet

QUERIES
 Display selected fields and records from a table
 Sort records on one or multiple fields
 Perform calculations
 Generate data for forms, reports, and other queries
 Update data in the tables of a database
 Find and display data from two or more tables
 Create new tables
 Delete records in a table based on one or more criteria

TYPICAL CAPABILITIES OF QUERIES (BAST,


CYGMAN,
FLYNN, & TIDWELL, 2006)
 Form is an object in a database that you can use to maintain, view, and print
records in a database in a more “structured” manner and in customized and
useful ways
 A report is a formatted presentation of data from a table, multiple tables, or
queries that is created as a printout or to be viewed on screen

FORMS AND REPORTS

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