SYLLABUS

1 Simple Stresses and Strains

1.1. Define the strength, Mechanical properties of commonly used engineering materials.
1.2 Identify the nature and effect of tensile, compressive and shear forces.
1.3 Define the terms stress, strain
1.4 State Hook‘s law, define the terms Poisson‘s ratio and elastic modulii
1.5 Draw the typical stress - strain curve for ductile and brittle materials under tension
indicating salient points on it.
1.6 Mention the significance of Factor of Safety.
1.7 Write down the relation between elastic constants E,N,K,& 1/m.
1.8 Compute stress and strain values in bodies of uniform section and of composite
section
under the influence of normal forces.
1.9 Calculate thermal stresses, in bodies of uniform section and composite sections.
1.10 Compute changes in axial, lateral and volumetric dimensions of bodies of uniform
sections under the action of normal forces.
2 Strain Energy
2.1 Define resilience, proof – resilience and modulus of resilience.
2.2 Derive an expression for the strain energy.
2.3 Obtain expressions for instantaneous stress developed in bodies subjected to –
i) Gradually applied load.
ii) Suddenly applied load
iii) Impact/shock load.
2.4 Comparison of proof resilience in bodies subjected to the above loads.
3 Thin Cylindrical Shells
3.1 Definition of cylindrical shell
3.2 Definition of longitudinal and hoop stress
3.3 Derive the expression for longitudinal, hoop and shear stress for seamless and seam
shells.
3.4 Longitudinal, hoop and volumetric strain and change in dimensions of a seamless shell
subjected to internal fluid pressure
3.5 Design of thin cylindrical shells.
4 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
4.1 List the types of beams.
4.2 List the types of loading
4.3 Explain the terms shear force and bending moment.
4.4 Compute shear force and bending moment at any section of beam.
4.5 Draw the diagrams of S.F. & B.M for cantilever, simple supported and overhanging
beams (for overhanging beams combination of point loads and udl not included)
5 Theory of Simple Bending
5.1 State the theory and terms of simple bending.
5.2 List the assumptions in theory of simple bending
5.3 Derive the bending equation M / I = σ / y = E / R
5.4 Calculate Bending stress, Modulus of section and Moment of resistance.
5.5 Calculate the safe load, safe span and dimensions of cross section.
6 Deflection of Beams
6.1 Define and explain the term deflection.
6.2 State the formulae for deflection in cantilever and simply supported beams under
standard conditions
6.3 Calculate the values of deflection in the given beams.
7 Torsion in Shafts
7.1 Function of Shaft
7.2 Explain Polar M.I. of solid and hollow shaft
7.3 List the assumptions in theory of Simple Torsion
7.4 Derive the torque equation T / J = fs / R = G / L
7.5 Design of solid and hollow shafts and power transmitted
7.6 Comparison for strength and weight of solid and hollow shafts of the same length and
material
8 Springs
8.1 Function of spring
8.2 Types and applications of springs
8.3 Define the terms related to closed coil helical spring
8.4 State the formulae for the stress and deflection of closed coil helical spring
8.5 Compute the stress and deflection of the closed coil helical spring
8.6 Define the terms related to semi-elliptic or leaf spring or laminated spring
8.7 State the formulae for the stress and deflection of leaf spring
8.8 Compute the stress and deflection of leaf spring
 3 Thin Cylindrical Shells

3.1 Definition of cylindrical shell

3.2 Definition of longitudinal and hoop stress
3.3 Derive the expression for longitudinal, hoop and shear stress
for seamless and seam shells.
3.4 Longitudinal, hoop and volumetric strain and change in
dimensions of a seamless shell subjected to internal fluid pressure
3.5 Design of thin cylindrical shells.
 THIN CYLINDERS
INTRODUCTION:

In many engineering applications, cylinders are frequently

used for transporting or storing of liquids, gases or fluids.
Eg: Pipes, Boilers, storage tanks etc.

These cylinders are subjected to fluid pressures. When a

cylinder is subjected to a internal pressure, at any point on the
cylinder wall, three types of stresses are induced on three
mutually perpendicular planes.

They are,
1. Hoop or Circumferential Stress (σC) – This is directed along
the tangent to the circumference and tensile in nature. Thus,
there will be increase in diameter.

2. Longitudinal Stress (σL ) – This stress is directed along the

length of the cylinder. This is also tensile in nature and tends
to increase the length.

3. Radial pressure ( pr ) – It is compressive in nature. Its

magnitude is equal to fluid pressure on the inside wall and
zero on the outer wall if it is open to atmosphere.
 σC σC σL σL
p pr
p p

σC σC σL σL
1. Hoop Stress (C) 2. Longitudinal Stress (L) 3. Radial Stress (pr)
pr σC

Element on the cylinder σL σL

wall subjected to these
three stresses

σC pr
 THIN CYLINDERS
INTRODUCTION:
A cylinder or spherical shell is considered to be thin when the
metal thickness is small compared to internal diameter.

i. e., when the wall thickness, ‘t’ is equal to or less than

‘d/20’, where ‘d’ is the internal diameter of the cylinder or shell,
we consider the cylinder or shell to be thin, otherwise thick.

Magnitude of radial pressure is very small compared to other

two stresses in case of thin cylinders and hence neglected.
 t

Circumferential
stress
Longitudinal

Longitudinal stress axis

The stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called

circumferential stresses whereas the stress acting along the length of
the cylinder (i.e., in the longitudinal direction ) is known as
longitudinal stress
The bursting will take place if the force due to internal (fluid)
pressure (acting vertically upwards and downwards) is more than the
resisting force due to circumferential stress set up in the material.

P - internal pressure
(stress) σc –circumferential
p stress

σc σc
σc t

dL P - internal pressure
(stress) σc – circumferential
stress
 EVALUATION OF CIRCUMFERENTIAL or HOOP
STRESS (σC):

p d

p
t dl
d
σc σc

Consider a thin cylinder closed at both ends and subjected to

internal pressure ‘p’ as shown in the figure.
Let d=Internal diameter, t = Thickness of the
wall L = Length of the cylinder.
To determine the Bursting force across the diameter:
Consider a small length ‘dl’ of the cylinder and an elementary
area ‘dA’ as shown in the figure.
Force on the elementary area, dA
dF  p  dA  p  r  dl 
dθ
d dθ
 p   dl  dθ p
2 θ
t dl
Horizontal component of this force d
d
dFx  p 2  dl  cosθ  σc σc
dθ
Vertical component of this force

d
dFy  p 2  dl sin θ 
The horizontal components cancel out dA
when integrated over semi-circular
portion as there will be another equal
and opposite horizontal component on
dθ
the other side of the vertical axis. p
θ
t dl
d
σc σc

d
Total diametrica l bursting force  0 p  dl sin  
2
dθ  p d   cos 0  p  d
dl 2  dl
 p  projected area of the curved surface.
Resisting force (due to circumfere ntial stress σc )  2  σc  t
 dl
Under equillibri um, Resisting force  Bursting
force
i.e., 2  σc  t  dl  p  d  dl
p d
Circumferential stress, σc  2  ........................(1)
t
σc t

dL
 Assumed as rectangular

Force due to fluid pressure = p × area on which p is acting = p ×(d ×L)

(bursting force)
Force due to circumferential stress = σc × area on which σc is acting
(resisting force) = σc × ( L × t + L ×t ) = σc × 2
L×t
Under equilibrium bursting force = resisting force
p ×(d ×L) = σc × 2 L × t
p d
Circumferential stress, σ  2  ........................(1)
c

t
 LONGITUDINAL STRESS (σL):
A
The bursting of the cylinder
takes place along the section AB
P

σL

The force, due to pressure of the fluid, acting at the ends of the
thin cylinder, tends to burst the cylinder as shown in figure
EVALUATION OF LONGITUDINALSTRESS (σL):

σL
p

π
Longitudin al bursting force (on the end of cylinder)  p  
d2
4
Area of cross section resisting this force  π  d  t
Let σL  Longitudin al stress of the material of the
cylinder.
Under equilibrium, bursting force  resistingforce

π
i.e., p   d 2  L  π d
σ 4 t

 Longitudinal stress, σL  p d ...................(

4
2) t

From eqs (1) & (2), σC  2

σL
Force due to fluid pressure  p  area on which p is acting
π
p d2
4
Re sisting force  σ L  area on which σ L is acting
 σL  π  d  t
circumference

Under equillibrium, bursting force  resisting force

π 2
 d σσL L p  π...................(
i.e., p stress,
 Longitudinal d 2)
 4 t d4 
t
 EVALUATION OF STRAINS
σL=(pd)/(4t)

σ C=(pd)/(2t) σ C=(pd)/(2t)

σ L=(pd)/(4t)
A point on the surface of thin cylinder is subjected to biaxial
stress system, (Hoop stress and Longitudinal stress) mutually
perpendicular to each other, as shown in the figure. The strains due
to these stresses i.e., circumferential and longitudinal are obtained
by applying Hooke’s law and Poisson’s theory for elastic materials.
Circumferential strain, εC :

ε C  σC  μ  σ L σ L =(pd)/(4t)
E E
σ σ
 2  EL  μ  EL σC=(pd)/(2t) σ =(pd)/(2
C

σ
 EL  (2 
μ) σ L =(pd)/(4t)
i.e., δd  (2  μ)................................
C
 
ε (3)
Note: Let δd be
pthe
d change in diameter. Then
4t
dfinal circumference  original circumference
c 
E original circumference
  d  d  d 
 
d d d
 Longitudin al strain, εL :

ε L  σL  σC
E μ 
σLE (2  σL ) σL  (1  2
 Eμ E  μ)
E
i.e., ε L δl  (1 2  μ)................................
 
(4)
p
v
d L VOLUMETRIC
4 STRAIN,
V
Change int volume
E = δV = final volume –
original volume
original volume = V = area of cylindrical
shell × length 
 d 2
L
final volume = final area of cross section × final
length
 d   d  2 L  
4
L 
 d 2  ( d ) 2  2 d  d   L 
4
 L
 d 2 L  ( d ) 2 L  2 Ld  d  d 2  L  ( d ) 2  L  2 d  d
4
 L
neglectingthesmallerquantitiessuchas ( d ) 2 L,( d ) 2  L
and 2 d  d  L
4
Finalvolume


d 2 L  2 Ld  d  d 2 L 
changeinvolume V 

d 2

L  2 L d  d  d 2 L 

d  2 L
4
4
 π
2 d L  d   L d
dv 4 2

V  π
4  d 2

L

 L
2

L
d d
d
VV
= εL + 2 × εC

p p
 (1 2 μ)  2 (2 
4 d t   4 d t  μ)
E E

i.e. dv p (5  4 μ).................

V 4  t  E(5)
, d
Maximum Shear stress :
There are two principal stresses at any point, viz., Circumferential
and longitudinal. Both these stresses are normal and act
perpendicular to each other.

 Maximum Shear stress, σC - σL

ma  2 σ =(pd)/(4t)
τ
L
x

 2t
pd
4t
pd
2
σC=(pd)/(2t)
σ C =(pd)/(2t)
pd
i.e. τ  .....................(5)
ma
, x 8t σ L =(pd)/(4t)
 PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1:
A thin cylindrical shell is 3m long and 1m in internal diameter. It is
subjected to internal pressure of 1.2 MPa. If the thickness of the sheet
is 12mm, find the circumferential stress, longitudinal stress, changes in
diameter, length and volume . Take E=200 GPa and μ= 0.3.
SOLUTION:
1. Circumferential stress, σC:
σC= (p×d) / (2×t)
= (1.2×1000) / (2× 12)
= 50 N/mm2 = 50 MPa (Tensile).
2. Longitudinal stress, σL:
σL = (p×d) / (4×t)
= σC/2 = 50/2
= 25 N/mm2 =
25 MPa
3. Circumferential strain, εc: (p  (2 
ε c  d)  μ)
(4  t) E

(1.2 1000) (2  0.3)

 
(4 12) 200 103
Change in diameter, δd = εc ×d  2.125 10-04 (Increase)
= 2.125×10-04×1000 = 0.2125 mm

4. Longitudinal strain, εL(Increase).

:
(p  d) (1  2 μ)
ε  
L
(4  t) E

(1.2 1000) (1  2  0.3)

 
(4 12) 200 103
Change in length =ε5L 10
×L=-055×10 -05×3000 = 0.15 mm (Increase).
(Increase)
 dv

dv
Volumetric strain, V
: (p  d)  (5  4
μ)
V (4  t)
E
(1.2
  (5  4 
1000)
(4 12)  200 0.3)
10 10-4 (Increase)
 4.75
3

Change in volume, dv  4.75 10-4 

V

π
 4.75 10-4  10002  3000
4
 1.11919 106 mm 3  1.11919 10-3
m3
 A copper tube having 45mm internal diameter and 1.5mm wall
thickness is closed at its ends by plugs which are at 450mm apart.
The tube is subjected to internal pressure of 3 MPa and at the same
time pulled in axial direction with a force of 3 kN. Compute: i) the
change in length between the plugs ii) the change in
internal diameter of the tube. Take ECU = 100 GPa, and μCU = 0.3.

SOLUTION:
A] Due to Fluid pressure of 3 MPa:

Longitudinal stress, σL = (p×d) / (4×t)

= (3×45) / (4× 1.5) = 22.50 N/mm2 = 22.50
MPa.
Long. strain, ε (p  d) (1  2
L
 
μ) 4  t
22.5 (1 E2  0.3)
  9 105
100 103
Change in length, δL= εL × L = 9 × 10-5×450 =
 Pd/4t = 22.5

Circumfere ntial strain ε (p  d) (2 

C  
μ) (4  t)
22.5  (2 E0.3)
  3.825104
100 103
Change in diameter, δd= εc × d = 3.825 × 10-4×45
= + 0.0172 mm (increase)
B] Due to Pull of 3 kN (P=3kN):
Area of cross section of copper tube, Ac = π × d × t
= π × 45 × 1.5 = 212.06 mm2
Longitudinal strain, ε L = direct stress/E = σ/E = P/(Ac × E)
= 3 × 103/(212.06 × 100 × 103 )
= 1.415 × 10-4

Change in length, δL=εL× L= 1.415 × 10-4 ×450= +0.0637mm (increase)

 Lateral strain, εlat= -μ × Longitudinal strain = -μ × εL
= - 0.3× 1.415 × 10-4 = -4.245 ×
10-5
Change in diameter, δd = εlat × d = -4.245 × 10-5 ×45
= - 1.91 × 10-3 mm (decrease)

C) Changes due to combined effects:

Change in length = 0.0405 + 0.0637 = + 0.1042 mm (increase)
Change in diameter = 0.01721 - 1.91 × 10-3 = + 0.0153 mm (increase)
 THICK CYLINDERIAL SHELLS

Thick cylinders under pressure A cylinder is considered to be ‘thick’ if the ratio of

the inner diameter to the thickness of the walls is > 20:

When we considered thin cylinders, we assumed that the hoop stress was constant
across the thickness of the cylinder wall and we ignored any pressure gradient across
the wall. When we consider thick cylinders, these simplifications are no longer valid
and we have to consider the variation of both hoop and radial stresses. If the cylinder
is long in comparison with its diameter, the longitudinal stress is assumed to be
uniform across the thickness of the cylinder wall.
We have:
When we consider theory for thick cylinders, we are concerning ourselves with
sections that are remote from the ends (the stress distribution around joints would
make analysis at the ends extremely complex). For sections removed from the ends,
the applied pressure system is symmetrical and all points on an annular element of
the cylinder wall will be subject to the same displacement, the amount being
dependent on the radius of the element. As a consequence, there will be no shearing
stresses set up on transverse planes, which requires that stresses on such planes are in
fact the principal stresses.
In the same way, since the radial shape of the cylinder is maintained, there are no
shear stresses on the radial or tangential planes and again the stresses in such planes
are principal stresses.

Therefore, if we consider any element of in the wall of a thick cylinder, we will be

looking at a mutually perpendicular tri-axial stress system where the three stresses
are as above – hoop, longitudinal and radial.

Lamé's Theory for Thick Cylinders For the following analysis

we will assume:
The material is isotropic and homogeneous  Longitudinal stresses in the cylinder
wall are constant  The thick walled cylinder can be considered as a large number of
thin cylinders, thickness  The cylinder is subjected to uniform internal or external
pressure (or both)

Consider the cylinder shown below of internal and external radii respectively. The
cylinder is subjected to internal and external pressures respectively. Consider an
element of the cylinder cross section at radius , subtending an angle at the centre.
The radial and hoop stresses on the element are respectively and by equating these radial