DNR College of Engineering and Technology

ENGINEERING MECHANICS (M-105)

by
B. SURESH KUMAR

Assistant professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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 SYLLABUS
1) Understand the concept of Statics
a) Explain the meaning of mechanics in engineering
b) State the importance of mechanics in engineering
c) State the system of units used
d) Explain the concept of force
e) List the types of forces
f) Explain the force systems
i) Co-planar and Non-coplanar
ii) Parallel and Non-Parallel
iii) Like and Unlike
iv) Concurrent and Non-concurrent
g) Explain the concept of equilibrium
h) State the parallelogram law of forces
i) State the triangle law of forces
j) State the polygon law of forces
k) State Lami‘s theorem
l) Explain the concept of free body diagram
m) Solve the problems involving concurrent coplanar forces
n) Solve simple problems involving non-concurrent coplanar forces
o) Solve simple problems using Lami‘s theorem
p) Define the terms couple and moment of couple
q) Explain the properties of a couple

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r) State the condition of equilibrium of a body acted upon by co-planar forces
2) Understand the concept of Friction
a) Explain the concept of friction
b) State the laws of friction
c) Identify the machine members in which friction exists
d) Resolve the forces acting on bodies moving on horizontal plane
e) Resolve the forces acting on bodies moving along the inclined planes
f) Solve the related numerical problems
3) Understand the Geometric Properties of Sections
a) Define the terms centre of gravity, centre of mass and Centroid
b) State the need for finding the Centroid and centre of gravity for various engineering applications
c) Locate the C.G. of a given section
d) Explain the method of determining the Centroid by ‗Method of moments‘
e) Determine the position of Centroid of standard sections T, L, I, Channel section, Z-section,
unsymmetrical I section
f) Determine the position of Centroid of built up sections
g) Explain the meaning of the term moment of Inertia
h) Define the term polar moment of inertia
i) Explain the term radius of gyration
j) State the necessity of finding Moment of Inertia for various engineering applications
k) Determine Moment of Inertia and Radius of gyration for regular geometrical sections like T, L, I,
Channel section, Z- section, unsymmetrical I section

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l) State Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem
m) Determine M.I of standard sections by applying parallel axes theorem
n) Determine M.I of standard sections by applying perpendicular axes theorem
o) Calculate the moment of Inertia of composite sections
p) Calculate radius of gyration of standard sections
q) Determine the polar M.I for solid and hollow circular section applying perpendicular axes theorem
r) Solve the related numerical problems
4) Understand the concept of Dynamics
a) Define the terms Kinematics and Kinetics
b) Classify the motion types
c) Define the terms displacement, velocity and acceleration
d) State the Newton‘s Laws of motion (without derivation)
e) Solve the problems related to the rectilinear motion of a particle
f) Explain the motion of projectile
g) Solve numerical problems on projectiles
h) State D‘Alembert‘s principle
i) Define the law of conservation of energy
j) Explain the Work-Energy principle
k) Define the law of conservation of momentum
l) Explain the Impulse –momentum equation
m) Solve problems using the above principles
n) Explain the rotary motion of a particle

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o) Define centripetal force
p) Define centrifugal force
q) Differentiate between centripetal and centrifugal forces
r) Describe simple harmonic motion
s) Name the Engineering applications of simple harmonic motion
5) Comprehend the Principles involved in Simple Machines
a) Define the important terms of simple machines
i) Machine
ii) Mechanical Advantage
iii) Velocity Ratio
iv) Efficiency
b) Illustrate the three classes of simple lever
c) Show that an inclined plane is a simple machine to reduce the effort in lifting loads
d) Derive expression for VR in cases of
i) Wheel & axle
ii) Weston Differential pulley blocks
iii) Pulleys
iv) Worm & Worm wheel
v) Winch crabs
vi) Screw jack
vii) Rack & pinion
e) Compute the efficiency of a given machine
f) Interpret the law of machine

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g) State the conditions for self-locking and reversibility
h) Calculate effort lost in friction and load equivalent of friction
i) Evaluate the conditions for maximum M.A.& Maximum efficiency
6) Understand the concept of Basic Link mechanisms
a) Define important terms of basic link mechanisms
i) Link
ii) Kinematic pair
iii) Kinematic chain
iv) Mechanism, structure & machine
b) Explain kinematic pair and kinematic chain with the help of sketches
c) Give examples for Lower and Higher pairs
d) Give examples of inversion

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 5) Comprehend the Principles involved in Simple Machines
a) Define the important terms of simple machines
i) Machine
ii) Mechanical Advantage
iii) Velocity Ratio
iv) Efficiency
b) Illustrate the three classes of simple lever
c) Show that an inclined plane is a simple machine to reduce the effort in lifting loads
d) Derive expression for VR in cases of
i) Wheel & axle
ii) Weston Differential pulley blocks
iii) Pulleys
iv) Worm & Worm wheel
v) Winch crabs
vi) Screw jack
vii) Rack & pinion
e) Compute the efficiency of a given machine
f) Interpret the law of machine
g) State the conditions for self-locking and reversibility
h) Calculate effort lost in friction and load equivalent of friction
i) Evaluate the conditions for maximum M.A.& Maximum efficiency
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4.2 List the types of loading
4.3 Explain the terms shear force and bending moment.
4.4 Compute shear force and bending moment at any section of beam.
4.5 Draw the diagrams of S.F. & B.M for cantilever, simple supported and
overhanging
beams (for overhanging beams combination of point loads and udl not included)
5 Theory of Simple Bending
5.1 State the theory and terms of simple bending.
5.2 List the assumptions in theory of simple bending
5.3 Derive the bending equation M / I = σ / y = E / R
5.4 Calculate Bending stress, Modulus of section and Moment of resistance.
5.5 Calculate the safe load, safe span and dimensions of cross section.
6 Deflection of Beams
6.1 Define and explain the term deflection.
6.2 State the formulae for deflection in cantilever and simply supported beams
under
standard conditions
6.3 Calculate the values of deflection in the given beams.
7 Torsion in Shafts
7.1 Function of Shaft

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7.2 Explain Polar M.I. of solid and hollow shaft
7.3 List the assumptions in theory of Simple Torsion
7.4 Derive the torque equation T / J = fs / R = Gϴ / L
7.5 Design of solid and hollow shafts and power transmitted
7.6 Comparison for strength and weight of solid and hollow shafts of the
same length and material
8 Springs
8.1 Function of spring
8.2 Types and applications of springs
8.3 Define the terms related to closed coil helical spring
8.4 State the formulae for the stress and deflection of closed coil helical
spring
8.5 Compute the stress and deflection of the closed coil helical spring
8.6 Define the terms related to semi-elliptic or leaf spring or laminated spring
8.7 State the formulae for the stress and deflection of leaf spring
8.8 Compute the stress and deflection of leaf spring

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 What is a Simple Machine?
● A simple machine has
few or no moving
parts.
● Simple machines make
work easier.
● Simple machine is a
device in which effort
is applied at one place
and work is done at
some other place.
● Simple machines are
run manually, not by
electric power.

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 What is a Compound machine?
● Simple Machines can be
put together in different
ways to make complex
machinery.

● If a machine, consists of many simple machines, it is called

compound machine.
● Such machines are run by electric or mechanical power.
● Such machines work at higher speed.
● Using compound machines more work is done at less effort.
● For Ex: scooter, Lathe, crane, grinding machine etc.

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 What is a Lifting machine ?

Lifting machine is a
device in which heavy
load can be lifted by less
effort.
e.g. - simple pulley
- simple screw jack
- lift
- crane. etc.

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Technical terms Related to Simple Machines
● Mechanical advantage (MA) :
● The ratio of load lifted (W) and effort required (P) is called
Mechanical advantage.
Load Lifted
MA  W
Effort required  MA  P

Where,W= Load and P= Effort

● Velocity ratio (VR) :

● The ratio of distance moved by effort and the distance moved
by load is called velocity ratio.
y
Distance moved by effort  VR 
VR  Distance moved by load x

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● Input
➢ Input = effort x distance moved by effort
➢ Input = p.y
● Output:
➢ Output = load x distance moved by load
➢ Output = W.x

• Efficiency ( ) :
➢ The ratio of work done by the machine and work done
on the machine is called efficiency of the machine.
output  100 %
Efficiency  input
Output  W .x & input  P . y
W.x W/P
η  100   100
P.y
y/x
  100 %
MA
VR

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● Ideal machine :
➢ A machine having 100% efficiency is called an ideal machine.
➢ In an Ideal machine friction is zero.
➢ For Ideal machine,
Output = input or MA=VR

● Effort lost in friction (Pf):

● In a simple machine, effort required to overcome the friction between
various parts of a machine is called effort lost in friction.
● Let, P = effort
• effort lost in friction.
Po = effort for Ideal
Pf=P - Po
machine Pf = effort lost in
● For Ideal machine,VR = MA
friction
VR= W/
Po
Po=W/VR
Pf = P-Po
Pf= P-
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(W/VR)
● Reversible machine :
➢ If a machine is capable of doing some work in the reverse direction,
after the effort is removed is called reversible machine.
➢ For reversible machine,   50%

● Non-reversible machine or self-locking machine

➢ If a machine is not capable of doing some work in the reverse direction,
after the effort is removed, is called non-reversible machine or self-
locking machine.   50%
➢ For non-reversible machine,
➢ A car resting on a screw jack does not come down on the removal of
the effort. It is an example of non-reversible machine.

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● Condition for reversibility of machine :
W = load lifted
P = effort required
x = distance moved by load y
= distance moved by effort
P.y = input
W.x = output
● Machine friction = P.y – W.x
● for a machine to reverse,
output > machine friction
 W.x  P.y –
W.x
 2 W.x  p.y
 W. x  1
P. y

 2  0 .5
Input
 Output
 50%
For a machine to reverse,   50%

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 Law of machine
● The law of machine is given by relation,
● P= mW+C
● Where,
P = effort applied
W= load lifted
m = constant
(coefficient
of friction)
= slope of line
AB C= Constant
= Machine
Friction= OA
● Following observations
are made from the
graph :
➢ On a machine, if W = 0, effort C is required to run the machine. Hence, effort C is required
to overcome machine friction.
Ideal
➢ If line AB crosses x-x axis. without effort (P), some load call be lifted, which is impossible.
machine.
Hence, line AB never crosses x-x axis. of ME, DNRCET,BVRM
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➢ If line AB passes through origin, no effort is required to balance friction. Such a graph is for
Maximum mechanical advantage
W
MA  P
from law of machine P  mW  C
W 1
 MA   (Q neglecting C
mW  C mC )
W W
1
Maxi. MA 
m

Maximum efficiency  )
( max
MA 
W
P
from law of machine P  mW  C
MA

VR

1
 m (MA  MA max  1 )
VR m
1
  max 
m x VR

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 Relation Between Load Lifted and the Mechanical
Advantage
As the load increases, the effort also
increases and the M. A. increases
The maximum M. A. is equal to 1/m.

Relation Between Load Lifted and the Efficiency

As the load and effort increases, efficiency

also increases.
The maximum efficiency is equal to 1/(m x VR)

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 Simple
Following areMachine
the simple machines.
➢ Simple Wheel and Axle
➢ Differential wheel and axle
➢ Worm and Worm Wheel
➢ Single purchase Crab
➢ Double Purchase Crab
➢ Simple Screw Jack
➢ lever
➢Simple Pulley

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 Simple Wheel and Axle
◗ WHEEL AND AXLE : A wheel and
axle is a modification of a pulley.

◗ A wheel is fixed to a shaft.

◗ Large wheel fixed to smaller wheel (or

shaft) called an axle

◗ Both turn together

◗ Effort usually on larger wheel, moving

load of axle

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When either the wheel or axle turns,
the other part also turns. One full
revolution of either part causes one
full revolution of the other part.
DIFFERENTIAL WHEEL AND AXLE

• In this machine load axle is made in two parts having two different diameters d1 and
d2.
•When effort is applied to rotate the assembly at that time string is wound over larger
axle (d1) and unwound from the smaller axle (d2).

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 WORM AND WORM WHEEL

•In worm and worm wheel machine, effort wheel and worm are on the same shaft and rotates in
two bearings as shown.
•Similarly worm wheel and load drum are also on the same shaft and rotates in two bearings. Two
axes are at right angles.

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 CRAB
WINCH
● Winch crabs are lifting machines in which velocity
ratio is increased by a gear system.
● If only one set of gears is used, the winch crab is
called a single purchase winch crab and if two sets
are used it is called double purchase winch crab.

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SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH

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 DOUBLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH

•In this machine to increase the V.R. one more pair of gears is used in comparison to single
purchase crab.
•Since there are totally two pairs of gears it is known as Double Purchase Crab Winch. Similarly in
Triple Purchase Crab Winch there will be three pairs of gears.
• Construction is similar in all the cases

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 SIMPLE SCREW
JACK
● Screw Jack is a simple machine used for lifting heavy
loads, through short distances, with the help of small
effort applied at its handle.
● The most common application of screw jack is the
raising of the front or rear portion of a vehicle for
the purpose of changing the wheel or tyre.
● when one rotation is given to the handle.
● distance moved by effort = 2πR
● distance through which load is lifted = p

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 LEVER
S
● The lever is simple machine made with a
bar free to move about a fixed point
called fulcrum.
● It enables a small effort to overcome a
large load.

● VR = dE/dL
● ME = FL/FE

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 First Kind of lever
● Ina first Kind lever the fulcrumis
in between of load and effort.
● load and effort is on either side.

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 Second Kind of lever

● In a second kind lever the fulcrum is at

the end, with the load is in between
fulcrum and effort.

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 Third Kind of lever

● In a third kind lever the fulcrum is again

at the end, but the effort is in the middle.

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 Summary of LEVER CLASSES

1st Class 2nd Class 3 r d Class

Fulcrum is between the load Load is between fulcrum and • Effort is between the fulcrum
and effort effort and load.

• Mechanical advantage • MA = b/a •MA = b/a

• MA = effort arm/load • MA is always greater than 1. • MA is always less than 1
arm MA= b/a
•MA can be more than
1, equal to 1 or less
than 1.
When MA is greater than 1, Since. MA is always greater Since, MA is always
less effort would be required than 1. lever of second kind is less than 1. lever of
to lift a heavy load. Such an effort multiplier lever. the third
type of lever is called effort kind is only a speed multiplier
multiplier lever. lever. Such levers cannot lift
heavy loads but provide
increase in speed of lifting.

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 Simple Pulley
● PULLEY: A pulley is a simple machine
made with a rope, belt or chain wrapped
around a grooved wheel.

● A pulley works two ways. It can change the

direction of a force or it can change the
amount of force.
● A fixed pulley changes the direction
of the applied force. ( Ex. Raising
the flag ) .
● A movable pulley is attached to the
object are moving.

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 Direction of Effort In Simple
Pulley

● Pulley can change the direction of a Effort(force).

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 TYPES OF
PULLEYS
FIXED PULLEY
(like flagpole)

● Pulley stays in one position

● MovesLOAD up, down or
sideways

● Changes DIRECTION of
force

● Does not reduce EFFORT

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 TYPES OF
PULLEYS
MOVABLE PULLEY
(for lifting or lowering heavy objects)

● Moves along with LOAD

● Reduces EFFORT

● Increases DISTANCE

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 System OF
●
PULLEYS
First system of pulleys

● Second system of pulleys

● Third system of pulleys

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 First system of pulleys

First system of pulley :VR = 2n

Where, n = no. of moving
Pulley

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 Second system of pulleys

Second system of pulley: VR = n

Where, n =total no. of Pullies.

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 Third system of pulleys

Third system of pulley :VR = 2n -

1 Where, n = total no. of Pullies.

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1) Define the following terms with respect to simple machine (a) Idle effort (b) Idle
load Oct /Nov 2018

Ideal Effort (Pi):

The effort which is required to lift the load when there is no friction is
called as an ideal effort (Pi)
Ideal Effort Pi =W/V.R
Where,
Pi = Ideal Effort,
W = Load to be lifted,
V.R. = Velocity Ratio
Ideal Load (Wi):
The load which can be lifted by an effort (P), when there is no friction, is
called as an ideal load (Wi)
Ideal Load Wi = P x V.R.
Where,
P = Effort applied,
Wi = Ideal Load,
V.R. = Velocity Ratio

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2) A double purchase crab has load drum diameter 160 mm and the length of
handle is 360 mm. The number of teeth of spur wheel is 75 and 90 and the
number of teeth on pinion is 20 and 30. When tested it was found that an effort
of 90 N was required to lift a load of 1800 N and an effort of 135 N was
required to lift a load of 3150 N. Determine (a) the law machine, (b) the effort
required to lift a load of 6000 N, (c) the efficiency in above case, (d) the
maximum efficiency Oct / Nov 2018

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3) Define the terms (a) ‘Velocity ratio’ and (b) ‘Mechanical advantage’. Mar/ Apr 2017

Velocity Ratio (V.R.):

It is defined as the ration of distance traveled by the effort (P) to the
distance traveled by the load (W)

V.R. = Distance travelled effort / Distance travelled by load

Velocity ratio will be always more than one and for a given machine, it
remains constant.

Mechanical Advantage:
It is defined as the ratio of load to be lifted to the effort applied.
M.A = Load (W)/ Effort (P)
= W/P

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4) The law of the machine is P = 0.04W+2. Its velocity ratio is 50. What is the
mechanical advantage and what is the efficiency when W = 200 N? Mar / Apr 2017

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5) There are 4 pulleys arranged in third system. Find the effort required to lift a load
of 5000 N. Assume efficiency of the machine is 85%. Mar /Apr 2017

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