• the country produces 0.

745 million tons of

edible oil annually, which is only 8% of the
total domestic demand for the commodity of
over 5 million tons
 history
• Extraction their natural sources and own
uses.
• Animal fats were first, as food,
• light and heat.
• Obtaining oils from vegetable sources .
• The first chemical reaction applied to fats and
oils (excluding oxidation in burning) was that
of saponification
 use
• Various edible oils, cottonseed, olive, soybean,
corn, etc., are employed for salad dressings,
for other table uses, and for cooking
purposes. Hydrogenated fats for cooking and
baking, such
• Various fishliver oils are used in the medicinal
field for their vitamin content and in the paint
industry as drying oils. Castor oil is a well-
known cathartic
 Extraction of Oils
• The two general methods employed in obtaining
vegetable fats and oils are expression and solvent
extraction or a combination of the two.
• solvent extraction is increasing in use.
• both expression and extraction are utilized in the
recovery systems for higher yields.
• Obtaining crude vegetable and animal oils involves
primarily physical changes or unit operations, but
chemical conversions are concerned in the refining
and further processing of such oils.
 Application of Solvent Extraction

• It is used in perfumes, vegetable oil, biodiesel

processing, etc.
• By this method, plutonium irradiated from nuclear fuel
can be recovered and which is reused as nuclear fuel.
• It is used to segregate hazardous contaminants from
sludge and sediments.
• It is used in the drug industry like preparation of
microspheres.
• It is used for the separation and purification of organic
compounds.
 COTTONSEED OIL.
• cleaned by screening and aspiration
• The lint is removed by passing the seeds through a series of
linters
• Each series of linters removes lint of different length, which is
designated first-cut and second-cut lint.
• The lint cuts are aspirated and air-conveyed to separate lint
beaters or cleaners which remove dirt and hull fragments
from the lint before it is baled and sold.
• delinted seeds are cut or split in a bar-type huller, freeing the
meats from the hulls, The hulls thus removed are cleaned of
attached meat particles in a beater and sent to storage for
eventual consumption as roughage in animal feeds
• · ·Most of the oil from the conditioned cottonseed is
prepressed in mechanical screw press with single or
double worm shafts revolving inside a heavy perforated
barrel and capable of exerting a pressure of up to 11.7
to 13.8 Mpa
• Solvent extraction recovers up to 98 percent of the
cottonseed oil compared with 90 to 93 percent from
screw-press expression alone.
• The solvent hexane is sprayed onto flakes in buckets
moving horizontally in the extractor6 countercurrent to
the hexane. The hexane dissolving the oil is known as
miscella and is pumped to the evaporators, the first of
which is heated by hot hexane vapor and steam from
the toaster and the second by steam.
 SOYBEAN OIL.
• Soybean-seed preparation differs slightly from cottonseed
preparation.
• The weighed ,cleaned, cracked between corrugated rolls, without
significant change in moisture in a stacked cooker or a rotary steam-
tube conditioner, and finally rolled to thin flakes (about 0.25 mm
thick).
• Solvent extraction can recover up to 98 percent of the oil, compared
with about 80 to 90 percent from hydraulic or screw-press
expression. Because of the efficiency of oil yields (hydraulic press,
14.5 kg/100 kg; screw presses, 15.3 kg/100 kg; solvent extraction,
18.2 kg/100 kg). flakes produce meal with a protein content of 44 to
46%, which can be increased by removing the soybean hulLs before
(front-end dehulling) or after (tail-end dehulling) solvent extraction.
 Linseed oil.
• The flaxseed produced in this country is grown west.
• Production and refining are carried out by a process
similar to that used for cottonseed oil, and Anderson
expellers are first employed.
• The average oil content of the flaxseed is about 40%,
which indicates a yield by expression of about .34
percent based on the weight of the seeds, leaving about
67t oil in the press cake.
• improved installations combine screw pressing with
solvent extraction, reducing the residual oil in the cake
to about 0.75%
 Coconut oil.
• This treatment not only avoids the cost of shipping excess
moisture. but also prevents deterioration of the oil. Coconuts, as
they come from the tree. contain from .30 to 40% oil, and the
copra contains from 65 to 70% oil.
• The copra is expressed in expellers or screw presses. A metric ton
of copra yields about 800 kg of oil and 365 kg of cake. The oil is
refined and contains from l to 12% free fatty acid. depending on
the quality of the> copra meats.
• free fatty acid content is employed for edible products, the rest
(about 60 percent of the total receipts) being used for the
production of soap and alcohols.
• imported from various tropical countries, a large part coming from
the Philippines
 Corn oil
• cleaning, large tanks and steeped in warm water
containing S02, loosening the hulls from the kernels.
• The steeped corn, attriticm mills, germ away from
the rest of the kernel.
• The separation of the germ and the kernel is
accomplished by running the mixture into a tank of
water, where the germ floats,
• The oil content of the corn kernel, exclusive of the
hull, is about 4.5%. This oil is used almost exclusively
as a salad oil, with lower grades going into soap
manufacture
 Palm oil.
• prepared from the fruit of the palm plantations in
Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, west coast of
Africa.
• The fruit is 2.5 to 5.0 mm long and oval-shaped
and weighs about 6 to 8 g on the average.
• The oil content ranges from 40 to 50% of the
kernel. or seed. The oil is obtained in two separate
procedures.. The fibers are burned under the
boilers of the first proC'essing plant. In the United
States most of this oil goes into soap
 Peanut oil.
• The cold, first expr~ssion (about 18 percent) is
edible, and some is hydrogenated. The oil is
hydrogenated and refined for use in the
m~nufacture of margarine, salad and cooking
oils, and some vegetable shortenings.
 Tung oil.
• Tung or China wood oil is obtained from the fruit of the tung
tree, which grows extensively in China.
• Since 1923, large-scale planting has been carried out in
Florida, and tung oil production has become one of the
prime industries of that state. Because of the large demand
for fast-drying finishes and the difficulties in obtaining this
oil from China, various modifications of other oils for drying
purposes are employed. This oil dries in onethird the time
required by linseed oil. The oil is obtained by expression,
and the cake, unfit for stock feeding, is used as fertilizer
because of its high nitrogen and phosphorus content.
 Castor oil.
• This well-known oil is obtained from the seeds, or
beans, of the castor plant found in most tropical
regions. The beans contain 3.5 to .5.5% oil and are
expressed or solventextracted. The finest grade of
oil is reserved for medicinal purposes. The lower
grades are used in the manufacture of transparent
soaps, flypaper, and typewriter ink, and as a motor
lubricant. Large quantities of the oil are "sulfonated"
to produce the familiar turkey-red oil long employed
in dyeing cotton fabrics, particularly with alizarin
 Safflower oil
• fastest growing of the edible oils, largely
because of its high percentage (68%) of the
polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid. The
market is for special foods containing
unsaturated fats, such as margarine and salad
and cooking oils, to which this oil is
particularly adapted by reason of its delicate
flavor
 Processing of Oils
• RHFINING
• BLEACHING
• use of adsorptive bentonite clays for edible
oils, and alternatively by chemical reactions for
nonedible ones.
• The bleached oil, if it is to be used for salad oil,
is then subjected to a winterizing treatment
skin that will solidify out at refrigerator
temperatures.
 Hydrogenation
• hardening, as applied to fats and oils, may be
defined as the conversion of various
unsaturated radicals of fatty glycerides into
more highly or completely saturated
glycerides by the addition of hydrogen in the
presence of a catalyst. Various fats and oils
• Various fats and oils, such as soybean, cottonseed, fish, whale, and
peanut, are converted by partial hydrogenation into fats of a
composition more suitable for shortenings, margarine, and other
edible purposes, as well as for soap making and numerous other
industrial uses. The object of the hydrogenation is not only to raise
the melting point but to greatly improve the keeping qualities,
taste, and odor for many oils.
• It is frequently accompanied by isomerization with a significant
increase in melting point, caused, for example, by oleic (cis)
isomerizing to elaioic (trans) acid the reaction itself is exothermic.
the chief energy requirements are in the production of hydrogen,
warming of the oil, pumping, and filtering. The reaction may be
generalized:
• Manufacture of hydrogenated oils requires
hydrogen-generating equipment, catalyst
equipment, equipment for refining the oil
prior to hydrogenation, a converter for the
actual hydrogenation, and equipment for
posthydrogenation treatment of the fat.
• The hydrogen manufactured by a number of methods,
but the hydrocarbon-steam process is the most widely
used. Since gaseous sulfur compounds (H2S, S02, etc.) are
strong catalyst poisons even in trace amounts, as is
carbon monoxide, but to a lesser degree, it is essential
that the hydrogen be completely free of these poisons, as
well as of tasteproducing substances. The amount of
hydrogen necessary is a function of the degree of
reduction of unsaturation required, as measured by the
decrease in the iodine number of the oil during
hydrogenation. The theoretical quantity needed to reduce
the iodine number one unit is about 0.95 m3 of hydrogen
per metric ton of oil. The catalyst 14 used commercially is
nickel. It is generally manufactured by the liquid, or wet-
reduced, process
The catalyst and unsaturated oil are introduced into a
specially designed tall, cylindrical closed vessel
equipped for accurate temperature control. The
charge is heated as quickly as possible to as high as
240°C, but 190°C is a. more common temperature.
Normal operating pressures are 200 to 700 kPa gage.
At about.150°C the nickel formate begins the
'reduction
The charge is held at the maximum temperature for
about 1 h and then cooled. During the reduction and
cooling period, hydrogen is bubbled through the oil
solely to sweep decomposition products from the oil.
Upon completion of the reduction, the charge may be
pumped directly to the converter or formed into
blocks, flakes, or granules for later use. The degree of
hydrogenation is followed and controlled by
refractometer readings to indicate the physical
properties (saturation and melting point). The catalyst
is filtered off and reused. As the hydrogenation is
exothermic, the heat must be removed by an
interchanger
Selective, or directed, hydrogenation
can also be used, \vherein
polyunsaturated fatty acids can be
largely converted to
monounsaturated acids before there
is significant conversion of the
monounsaturated fatty acids to
saturated fatty acids. Also, conditions
can be changed to permit
hydrogenation of both mono- and
polyunsaturated fatty acids
simultaneously
 DEODORIZATION
• Deodorization is accomplished by blov,:ing
superheated steam through the oil (if
hydrogenated, while it is still hot and in the
liquid stage) under a high \ acuum of 138 to
800 Pa and 210 to 275°C. This removes most
of the odor-causing compounds and also
destroys many of the color-producing
pigments present