Automobile Engineering

Unit 1: Introduction
 Introduction of Automobile or Vehicle
• An Automobile is a self propelled vehicle
which contains the power source for its
propulsion and is used for carrying passengers
and goods on the ground, such as car, bus,
trucks, etc.,,
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles)
• The automobiles are classified by the
following ways,
1. On the Basis of Load:
• Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor
vehicle (HMV),
• Light transport vehicle (LTV), Light motor
vehicle (LMV),
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles) cont….
2. On the Basis of Wheels :
• Two wheeler vehicle, for example : Scooter,
motorcycle, scooty, etc.
• Three wheeler vehicle, for example : Autorickshaw,
• Three wheeler scooter for handicaps and tempo, etc.
• Four wheeler vehicle, for example : Car, jeep, trucks,
buses, etc.
• Six wheeler vehicle, for example : Big trucks with two
gear axles.
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles) cont….
3. On the basis of Fuel Used:
• Petrol vehicle, e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars,
etc.
• Diesel vehicle, e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
• Electric vehicle which use battery to drive.
• Steam vehicle, e.g. an engine which uses steam
engine.
• Gas vehicle, e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles, where
LPG is liquefied
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles) cont….
4. On the basis of body style:
• Sedan Hatchback car.
• Coupe car Station wagon Convertible.
• Van Special purpose vehicle, e.g. ambulance,
milk van, etc.
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles) cont….
5. On the basis of Transmission:
• Conventional vehicles with manual
transmission, e.g. car with 5 gears.
• Semi-automatic
• Automatic : In automatic transmission, gears
are not required to be changed manually.
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles) cont….
6. On the basis of Drive:
• Left hand drive
• Right hand drive
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles) cont….
7. On the basis of Driving Axle
• Front wheel drive
• Rear wheel drive
• All wheel drive
 Classifications / types of
vehicles(automobiles) cont….
8. Position of Engine:
• Engine in Front - Most of the vehicles have
engine in the front. Example : most of the
cars,
• Engine in the Rear Side Very few vehicles have
engine located in the rear. Example : Nano car.
Vehicle construction and Components

The main components of an automobile refer to

An automobile is made up of mainly two units,

Frame :
• The frame is the skeleton of the vehicle. It
servers as a main foundation and base for
alignment for the chassis.
Types;
• Conventional frame,
• Semi integral frame;
• Integral or untidiest frame.
 Vehicle construction and Components..(Continue…)

• Chassis;
• If the frame contains the base components its
called as chassis. The components are like
Engine, radiator, clutch, gearbox, silencer, road
wheels, fuel tank, wirings, differential units,
etc..,
 Vehicle construction and Components..(Continue…)

• Body:
• Types;
• Body is the superstructure of the vehicle and it is bolted
to the chassis.
• Car,
• Truck,
• Tractor,
• Delivery van,
• Jeep,
• Bus, etc..,
Vehicle construction and Components..(Continue…)
 Components of an Engine;
• Definition of ‘Engine’
• An engine is a device, which transforms one
form of energy into another form. Normally,
most of the engines convert thermal energy
into mechanical work and therefore they are
called ‘heat engines’.
 Engine Components
• Cylinder Block:
• The cylinder block is the main supporting
structure for the various components. The
cylinder of a multicylinder engine is cast as a
single unit, called cylinder block. The cylinder
head is mounted on the cylinder block.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Cylinder
• As the name implies it is a cylindrical vessel or
space in which the piston makes a
reciprocating motion. The varying volume
created in the cylinder during the operation of
the engine is filled with the working fluid and
subjected to different thermodynamic
processes. The cylinder is supported in the
cylinder block.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Piston
• It is a cylindrical component fitted into the
cylinder forming the moving boundary of the
combustion system. It fits perfectly (snugly)
into the cylinder providing a gas-tight space
with the piston rings and the lubricant. It
forms the first link in transmitting the gas
forces to the output shaft.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Combustion Chamber
• The space enclosed in the upper part of the
cylinder, by the cylinder head and the piston
top during the combustion process, is called
the combustion chamber. The combustion of
fuel and the consequent release of thermal
energy results in the building up of pressure in
this part of the cylinder.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Inlet Manifold
The pipe which connects the intake system to
the inlet valve of the engine and through which
air or air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder
is called the inlet manifold.
• Gudgeon Pin
It forms the link between the small end of the
connecting rod and the piston.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Exhaust Manifold
• The pipe that connects the exhaust system to
the exhaust valve of the engine and through
which the products of combustion escape into
the atmosphere is called the exhaust
manifold.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Inlet and Exhaust Valves
• Valves are commonly mushroom shaped
poppet type. They are provided either on the
cylinder head or on the side of the cylinder for
regulating the charge coming into the cylinder
(inlet valve) and for discharging the products
of combustion (exhaust valve) from the
cylinder.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Connecting Rod
• It interconnects the piston and the crankshaft
and transmits the gas forces from the piston
to the crankshaft. The two ends of the
connecting rod are called as small end and the
big end. Small end is connected to the piston
by gudgeon pin and the big end is connected
to the crankshaft by crankpin.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Crankshaft
• It converts the reciprocating motion of the
piston into useful rotary motion of the output
shaft. In the crankshaft of a single cylinder
engine there is pair of crank arms and balance
weights. The balance weights are provided for
static and dynamic balancing of the rotating
system. The crankshaft is enclosed in a
crankcase.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Piston Rings
• Piston rings, fitted into the slots around the
piston, provide a tight seal between the piston
and the cylinder wall thus preventing leakage
of combustion gases
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Camshaft
• The camshaft and its associated parts control
the opening and closing of the two valves. The
associated parts are push rods, rocker arms,
valve springs and tappets. This shaft also
provides the drive to the ignition system. The
camshaft is driven by the crankshaft through
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Cams
• These are made as integral parts of the
camshaft and are designed in such a way to
open the
• valves at the correct timing and to keep them
open for the necessary duration.
 Engine Components (Continue…)
• Fly Wheel
• The net torque imparted to the crankshaft
during one complete cycle of operation of the
engine fluctuates causing a change in the
angular velocity of the shaft. In order to
achieve a uniform torque an inertia mass in
the form of a wheel is attached to the output
shaft and this wheel is called the flywheel.