Bridges © 2009

SD 470
Design of Bridges

5. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Lecture No. 6

1
Bridges © 2009
Preliminary Design
Safety.
The ideal structure must not collapse in use. It must
be capable of carrying the loading required of it with
the appropriate factor of safety. This is more
significant at detailed design stage as generally any
sort of preliminary design can be made safe.

Serviceability.
The ideal structure must not suffer from local
deterioration/failure, from excessive deflection or
vibration, and it must not interfere with sight lines on
roads above or below it. Detailed design cannot
2
correct faults induced by bad preliminary design.
Bridges © 2009

Economy.
The structure must make minimal demands on labour and
capital; it must cost as little as possible to build and
maintain. At preliminary design stage it means choosing the
right types of materials for the major elements of the
structure, and arranging these in the right form.

Appearance.
The structure must be pleasing to look at. Decisions about
form and materials are made at preliminary design stage;
the sizes of individual members are finalized at detailed
design stage. The preliminary design usually settles the
appearance of the bridge. 3
Bridges © 2009

Before starting to design, the following information must be made

available.
•Present and anticipated future traffic on the road at the bridge
•Hydraulic data pertaining to the river, including the highest flood
level, site shape and nature of the catchments, intensity and
frequency of rainfall in the catchments and probability of large trees
rolling debris floating down the stream.
The data may be collected from the relevant authority such
as the Ministry of Infrastructure Development
•Year design flood through the bridge
•Design Return Period = 50 years, for major structures (bridges)
•Mean rainfall per year in mm
•The weighted Mean Annual Pavement Temperature (w- MAPT)

has to be determined in Centgrade

•The minimum width for all trunk roads is 7.5m
•HB loading is 37.5 units
•Parapet loading 5 kN/m 4
Bridges © 2009

Computation Of Live Loads - HA + KEL

Example:
A bridge has a carriageway width of 6.40m,
and 15 m span. Determine the live loading
on the bridge per unit area
Solution:
For 6.40m width of carriageway,
the number of notional lanes = 2

For a loaded length of 15 m,

HA UDL = 30 kN/m/lane
Therefore, the load is; 30/3.2 =
9.375kN/m2

The knife edge load KEL

KEL = 120 kN/lane
5
= 120 /3.2 = 37.5 kN/m
Bridges © 2009

KEL in a single lane bridge

3.2 0m
120 kN

120 kN

6
Bridges © 2009

KEL in a 2-Lane bridge

3 .20
120 kN

6 .4 0 m
120 kN

3 .20
240 kN

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Bridges © 2009

BRIDGE DESIGN EXAMPLE

Slab–Beam Bridge of 16.0 m span

Gu a rd Gu a rd
Ra il Ra il
Ke rb fo r Ke rb fo r
P e d e s tria n P e d e s tria n
S u rfa c in g 3 % s lo p e
100

450

1250
Un its a re in m m
550 550
1500 6 400 1500

Ma te rila s : Co n c re te g ra d e C4 0 a n d S te e l g ra d e 4 6 0

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Bridges © 2009

Analysis
Loading analysis

DEAD LOAD (L = 1.15)

Slab: 0.45 x 24 x 1.15 = 12.42

kN/m2
Kerb: 0.10 x 24 x 1.15 = 2.76 kN/m2

SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOAD (L = 1.75)

Surfacing: 0.096 x 22 x 1.75 = 3.70

kN/m2
Surfacing: 0.030 x 22 x 1.75 = 1.16
kN/m2

Parapet: 5.00 x 1.75 = 8.75 kN/m

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Bridges © 2009

LIVE LOAD
LIVE LOAD:
HA Load
Loaded length = 16.00 m
Carriageway width = 6.40 m
Number of notional lanes = 2
Width of each notional lane = 3.20 m

HA alone (L = 1.50)

UDL: 30 kN/m/lane : 30 x 1.5/3.2 =
14.06 kN/m2
KEL: 120 kN/lane: 120 x 1.5/3.2 =
56.25 kN/m (transversal line load)

HA with HB; (L = 1.30)

HA Loading
10
UDL: 30 x 1.3/3.2 = 12.19 kN/m2
Bridges © 2009

HB Loading (taking 45 Units)

Total wheels: 16 wheels in 4 axles

Load per wheel: 45 x 2.5 x 1.3 =

146.25 kN

Load per axial: 146.25 x 4 = 585.00 kN

Total vehicle load: 585 x 4 = 2340

kN

Pedestrian (L = 1.5)

Pedestrian Load: 5 x 1.5 = 7.50 11

kN/m2
Bridges © 2009

ANALYSIS OF DECK SLAB

Dead Load (DL)
Consider 1.0 m width along the slab
2 .7 6 kN/m 2 .7 6 kN/m
1 2 .4 2 kN/m

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 m 1 .5 0 m

Shear and Moments

Slab VL = 12.42 x 1.5 = 18.63 kN ML = 12.42 x 1.52/2 = - 13.97 kNm

VR= 12.42 x 6.4/2 = 39.74 kN MR =12.42x6.42/8-13.97= 49.62 kNm

Kerb VL = 2.76 x 1.5 = 4.14 kN ML = 2.76 x 1.52/2 = -3.11 kNm

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Bridges © 2009

Surfacing Dead Load

8 .7 5 kN 3 .7 0 + 1 .1 6 = 4 .8 6 kN/m 8 .7 5 kN

1 .1 6 kN/m

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 0 m 1 .5 0 m

Surfacin VR = 0.5 x (1.16+4.86) MR = 9.63 x 3.2 – 1.16 x 3.22/2 –

g: x 3.2 = 9.63 kN 0.5 x 3.7 x 3.22/2 = 15.40 kNm
Parapet: VL = 8.75 kN ML = 8.75 x 1.5 = - 13.13 kNm

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Bridges © 2009

Live Load
Case 1: HA on both
lanes
1 4 .0 6 kN/m
5 6 .2 5 kN/m

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 0 m 1 .5 0 m

Due to VR = 14.06 x 6.4/2 = MR = 14.06 x 6.42/8 =

HA 44.99 kN 71.99 kNm
Due to VR = 56.25 x 6.4/2 = MR = 56.25 x 6.42/8 =
KEL 180 kN 288.0 kNm

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Bridges © 2009

Case 2: HA on One Lane Only

CL

1 4 .0 6 kN/m
5 6 .2 5 kN/m

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 m 1 .5 0 m

Due to VR = ⅜ x14.06 x 6.4 MR = 14.06 (⅜x6.4)2/2 =

HA = 33.7 kN 40.49 kNm

Due to VR = ⅜ x 56.25 x 6.4 MR= 56.25(⅜x 6.4)2/2 =

KEL = 135 kN 162.0 kNm

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Bridges © 2009
Pedestrian Load

7 .5 0 kN/m 7 .5 0 kN/m

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 0 m 1 .5 0 m

VL = 7.5x 1.50 = 11.25 ML = 7.5 x 1.52/2 = 8.44

kN kNm

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Bridges © 2009

Case 3: HB alone
Load per wheel = 146.25 kN
Fo r S h e a r V
P P P P P = 1 4 6 .2 5 kN
a 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 a = 0 .2 5 m

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 0 m 1 .5 0 m

P
VR  4 L  4 a  6  = 146.25/6.4 (4 x 6.4 – 4 x 0.25 – 6) = 425.04 kN
L

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Bridges © 2009

Case 3: HB alone
Fo r Mo m e n t M
P P P P
P = 1 4 6 .2 5 kN
a 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 0 m 1 .5 0 m

a = 3 .2 - 1 .0 - 0 .2 5 = 1 .9 5 m

 L  a L  ( a  1 ) L  ( a  2 ) L  ( a  3 )
M R  P      a  1  P  649.21 kNm
 L L L L 
In simplified form:
P
MR  4 L  4 a  6  a  1  P = 649.21 kNm
L
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Bridges © 2009

Case 4: HA + HB
P = 1 4 6 .2 5 kN
P P P P
a = 0 .2 5 m a 1 .0 1 .0 1 .0 1 2 .1 9 kN/m
4 8 .7 5 kN/m

1 .5 0 m 6 .4 0 m 1 .5 0 m

VR,HB = 425.04 kN
VR,HA,UDL = (1/8)WL = 12.19 x 6.4/8 = 9.75 kN
VR,HA,KEL = 48.75 x 6.4/8 = 39.0 kN
MHB = 425.04 x (2 + 0.25) -146.25 x 2 – 146.25 x 1 = 517.59 kNm
MHA,UDL = 40.49 x 1.3/1.5 = 35.09 kNm (from HA on one lane )
MHA,KEL = 162.0 x 1.3/1.5 = 140.4 kNm (from HA on one lane)
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Bridges © 2009

Summary of Design Loads for the Deck

Load type - Case Shear Force Reactio Bending Moment
in kN n in kNm
Outer Inner in kN Hoggin Saggin
g g

Dead Load (DL)

Slab 18.63 39.74 58.37 13.97 49.62
Kerb 4.14 4.14 3.11** -
Surfacing Dead Load
Surfacing 9.93 9.93 15.40
Parapet 8.75 8.75 13.13
Sub Total 31.52 49.67 81.19 30.21 61.91

Live Load
Case 1: HA on both
lanes
HA UDL 44.99 44.99 71.99
HA KEL 180.0 180.0 288.0 20
Sub-Total 224.9 224.99 359.99
Bridges © 2009

Summary of Design Loads for the Deck (ctd)

Case 2: HA on one
lane
HA UDL 33.70 33.70 40.49
HA KEL 135.0 135.0 162.0
Sub-Total 168.7 168.7 202.49

Case 3: HB alone 425.04 425.04 639.21

Case 4: HA + HB
HA UDL 9.75 9.75 35.09
HA KEL 39.0 39.0 140.40
HB 425.04 425.04 517.59
Sub-Total 473.79 473.79 693.08
Pedestrian 11.2 11.25 8.44
5

Design Values 42.7 523.46 566.23 38.6 754.99

7 5 21
Bridges © 2009

DESIGN OF DECK
Total thickness of slab = 450 mm
Concrete cover = 35 mm
Bar diameter = 20 mm
Effective depth: d = 450 – 35 – 10 = 405 mm
Design moment = 754.99 kNm
M 754.99  10 6
K 2
 2
 0.118  K'
f cubd 40 x 1000 x 405
Singly reinforced section
z = d(0.5 + (0.25 – K/0.9)) = 0.846d = 342.63 mm

754990000
AS   5506 mm 2 / m
0.87  460  342.63
Provide Y25 – 90 mm c/c
This amount of steel is to be provided in the transversal direction.
50% of tension steel has to be provided at the support for taking
unforeseen negative moments. 22
 Bridges © 2009

Design of Kerb:
The design moment is 35.65 kNm
Using the same effective depth,
M 38.65  10 6
K 2
 2
 0.006  0.156
f cu bd 40 x 1000 x 405

z = 0.95d = 384.75 mm
As = 38.65 x 1000000/(0.87 x 460 x 384.75) = 251 mm2/m
As,min = 0.13 x 1000 x 450/100 = 585 mm2/m --- Provide minimum
reinforcement

Provide Y16 – 300 c/c (As = 670 mm2/m)

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Bridges © 2009

Design for Shear

V = 523 kN
v = V/bd = 523000/(1000 x 405) = 1.29 N/mm2 < 5.0 N/mm2 OK
Critical shear stress:
vc = 0.79x (100 x 5506/(1000x405))^0.333x(40/25)^0.5/1.25 = 0.89 N/mm 2

Provide shear reinforcement:

0.4 + vc = v < 5.0 N/mm2
Asv b( v  v c )

sv 0.87 f yv
Assume bar diameter = 16 mm
Asv 2-legs = 402 mm2,
Sv = 0.87 x 460 x 402/(1000 x (1.29-0.89) = 402 mm c/c, say 400 mm c/c

Take the minimum reinforcement of Y16 – 300 c/c

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Bridges © 2009

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
Loading

Self weight = 1.25x0.55 x 24 x 1.15 = 18.98

kN/m
DL from slab: 58.37 + 4.14 = 62.51
kN/m
Surface DL from slab: 9.93 + 8.75 = 18.68
kN/m

Live Loads – Critical Case 4

HA UDL: 9.75 kN/m

HA KEL: 39.0 kN
HB: 425.04 kN
Pedestrian: 11.25 kN/m 25
Bridges © 2009
Statical System
S elf w t: 18 .9 8 kN /m
D L fro m slab : 6 2.51 kN /m
S urfacing D L : 1 8.6 8 k N /m
H A U D L : 9 .7 5 kN /m
P ed estrian : 1 1.25 kN /m
P = 4 2 5 .0 4 kN
P P KEL = 3 9 kN P P H B + H A -K E L
4 .7 0 m 1 .8 6 .0 m 1 .8 1 .7
LCG
1 .5 1 .5 3 .0
R1 B CG R2

1 6 .0 0 m

HB Arrangement for maximum moment

Criterion for Maximum Moment from HB loading: Bending

moment under any load P is maximum when that load and the
CG of the whole system of loads on the span are equidistant from
the mid-span. (Distance a = L/2 – 1.8 -1.5 = 4.70 m) 26
Bridges © 2009

Maximum Bending Moment

Beam self weight:18.8x 16x16/8 = 601.6
kNm
DL from slab: 62.51 x 16x 16/8 =
2000.32 kNm
Surface DL from slab: 18.68 x 16x16/8 =
597.76 kNm
LL – HA UDL 9.75 x 16x16/8 =
312.00 kNm
Pedestrian 11.25 x 16x16/8 = 360.0 kNm
HA KEL 39 x 16/4 = 156.00
27
kNm
Bridges © 2009

For Maximum Shear Force

HB and KEL arrangement

KEL = 3 9 kN
P = 4 2 5 .0 4 kN
P P P P
1 .8 6 .0 m 1 .8

R1 R2
1 6 .0 0 m

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Bridges © 2009

Maximum shear Forces and Reactions

Beam self weight:18.8 x 16/2 = 150.4 kN

DL from slab: 62.51 x 16/2 =
500.08 kN
Surface DL from slab: 18.68 x 16/2 =
149.44 kN
LL – HA UDL 9.75 x 16/2 =
78.00 kN
Pedestrian 11.25 x 16/2 =
90.00 kN
HA KEL 39 = 39 kN
29
HB R(max) P(16+ 14.2 + 8.2 + 6.4)/16 =
Bridges © 2009

Design of Beams
When the analysis for maximum actions; Shear Forces and
Bending Moments, is completed, design of the deck as well
as the beams can commence. The design is made for both
Flexural and Shear

Design of Beams
Assume 32 mm bar diameter, cover = 50 mm
Effective depth: d = (1250+450) – 50 – 16 = 1634mm
Effective width of beam: b = 16000/10 + 550 = 2150 mm
Moment of resistance = 0.156 x 40 x 2150 x 1634 x 1634 =
35820 kNm > Ma
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Bridges © 2009

M 7752.09  10 6
K 2
 2
 0.0338  0.156
f cu bd 40 x 2150 x 1634
Singly reinforced section
z = d(0.5 + (0.25 – K/0.9)) = 0.95d = 1552.3 mm
7752090000
AS 1   12479 mm 2
.87  460
Provide016Y32 atbottom
1552.3 in two layers
Top steel: at span provide 50%; 8Y32 and at support
provide 16Y32

Shear:
v = 2197.03 x 1000/(550 x 1634) = 2.44 N/mm2 < 5.0
N/mm2 OK
vc = 0.79(100 x 12479/550x1634)^0.33 x 1/1.25 x (40/25)^0.33 =
0.83 N/mm2 Asv  bv s v ( v  v c ) / 0.87 f yv
Condition:
Assume(v12 + 0.4) < v <0.8fcu or
c mm diameter links: Asv5for
N/mm
4 legs2 =and
452 mm2
Sv = 452 x 0.87 x 460/(550x(2.44-0.83)) = 204.3, say 200 mm c/c.
Provide Y12 – 200 c/c
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Bridges © 2009

SUBSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN

Lecture No. 9

ANALYSIS OF ABUTMENT

32
Bridges © 2009

Assume a width of 4.5 m and thickness of 1.00 m for

the foundation base
0 .4 0 0 .6 0

Nd

1 .7 0 m
Fb
0 .2 5

Total length
of the abutment:

4 .7 0 m
L = 6.4 + 1.5 x 2 or L =
G
9.40m

1 .0 0 m
1 .9 0 m 1 .0 0 m 1 .6 0 m

4 .5 0 m
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Bridges © 2009

Abutment Analysis - Loading

Self weight of abutment:
(0.4 x 1.7 x 24 x 1.15) + (1.0 x 4.7 x 24 x 1.15) =
148..49 kN/m
Abutment DL = 148.49 kN/m

Weight of beam: 1.25 x 0.55 x 24 x 0.5 x16 x 1.15 x 2

/ 9.4 = 32.30 kN/m
Slabs: 12.42x9.4x16 x0.5 /9.4 = 99.36 kN/m
Kerb: 2.76 x 1.5 x 2 x 8/9.4 = 7.05 kN/m
Total DL- beam + slab + kerb: 138.71 kN/m

Superimposed Dead Load

Surfacing: 0.5(1.16 + 3.70) x 6.4 x 16 x 0.5/9.4 =
13.24 kN/m
Parapet: 2 x 8.75 x 16 x 0.5/9.4 = 14.89 kN/m
Total SDL = 28.13 kN/m
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Bridges © 2009
Live Load:
Critical case is HA + HB for this problem
HA UDL: 12.19 x 3.2 x 16 x 0.5/ 9.4 = 33.20 kN/m
HA KEL: 48.75 x 3.2/9.4 = 16.60 kN/m
HB: 425.04 x 2.8/9.4 = 126.61 kN/m
(V1 = 425.04 kN and V2 = 159.96 kN)
Pedestrian: 7.5 x 1.50 x 16 x 0.5 x 2 /9.4 = 19.15
kN/m
Total live load = 195.56 kN /m

Longitudinal Load
Braking load: Due to HA: P = (8 kN/m x 16 + 200) =
328 kN
Due to HB: P = 25% x Total HB = 0.25 x 1800 = 450
kN
Factored loads:
Due to HA = 328 x 1.25 / 9.4 = 43.62 kN/m
Due to HB = 450 x 1.1 /9.4 = 52.66 kN/m
35
Therefore use the critical load: P = 52.66 kN/m
 Bridges © 2009
Earth Pressure to the Abutment: H =
6.40m
H2 H 2 1  sin 
P s. .K a   s . .
2 2 1  sin 
iven that; s = 18 kN/m3,  = 350
= 18 x 0.271 x 1 x 1.5 = 7.32kN/m2 (triangular at 1.0 m depth
ence PH = 7.32 x 6.42 x 0.5 = 149.91 kN/m,

ue to Surcharge
or HA loading, 10 kN/m2
or HB loading, 20 kN/m2 for 45 HB units
hoose the critical value from HB, hence
= 20 x Ka x f = 20 x 0.271 x 1.5 = 8.13 kN/m2 ( udl)

herefore PH = 8.13 x 6.4 x 0.5 = 26.02 kN/m

36
Bridges © 2009
Loading to the Abutment Stem
0 .4 0 0 .6 0

Nd

1 .7 0 m
10m m Nd = S u p e rs tru c tu re lo a d
Fb
0 .2 5
G = Lo a d d u e to s e lf w e ig h t
Vs o f a b u tm e n t s te m

4 .7 0 m
Ea
G Ea = Ea rth fill lo a d
3 .2

6 .4 /3

Vs = Ho riz o n ta l lo a d d u e to
s u rc h a rg e

1 .0 0 m
Fb = B ra kin g fo rc e

1 .9 0 m 1 .0 0 m 1 .6 0 m

4 .5 0 m
37
Bridges © 2009

Design Moment and Shear Force

Load Type N V La M
(kN/m (kN/m (m) (kNm)
) )
DL from abutment 148.4 0 0
9
DL from superstructure 138.7 0.25 34.68
1
Superimposed DL of 28.03 0.25 7.00
superstructure
Live load on superstructure 195.5 0.25 48.89
6
Braking 52.66 4.7 247.50
The design
Earth values
fill pressure shall be as follows:
- Ea 149.9 2.13 319.77
Normal force N = 510.79
1 kN/m
3
Shear
Surcharge force
pressure - Vs V =26.02
228.593.2
kN/m
83.26
TOTAL Bending Moment M 510.7 = 741.10 kNm/m 741.10
228.5
9 9 38
 Bridges © 2009
Checking for stability of the Abutment
0 .4 0 0 .6 0

Nd

1 .7 0 m
10m m Nd = S u p e rs tru c tu re lo a d
Fb
Ns 0 .2 5 Gw = Lo a d d u e to s e lf w e ig h t
o f a b u tm e n t s te m
1 .8 5
Gf = Lo a d d u e to s e lf w e ig h t
o f fo u n d a tio n
Vs

4 .7 0 m
Ea = Ea rth fill lo a d - h o riz o n ta l
Ea Gw

5 .7 0 m
En = Ea rth fill lo a d - n o rm a l

2 .1 0 Ns = No rm a l lo a d d u e to
3 .7 0

s u rc h a rg e
2 .4 7

Gf Vs = Ho riz o n ta l lo a d d u e to

1 .0 0 m
En 2 .2 5
s u rc h a rg e
3 .5 5
Fb = B ra kin g fo rc e
Re f. P o in t
1 .9 0 1 .0 0 1 .6 0
4 .5 0 m
39
 Bridges © 2009
Earth Pressure for Stability
Checking 2
H 2
H 1  sin 
P s. .K a   s . .
2 2 1  sin 
H = 7.4 m
Due to backfill
Given that; s = 18 kN/m3,  = 350
Normal earth pressure = 18 x 1.9 x 6.4 = 218.88 kN/m
P = 18 x 0.271 x 7.4 = 36.10 kN/m2 (triangular pressure)
Hence PH = 36.10 x 7.4 x 0.5 x 1.5 = 200.36 kN/m,

Due to Surcharge
For HA loading, 10 kN/m2
For HB loading, 20 kN/m2 for 45 HB units
Choose the critical value from HB, hence
P = 20 x Ka x f = 20 x 0.271 x 1.5 = 8.13 kN/m2 ( udl)
Therefore PH = 8.13 x 7.4 = 60.16 kN/m
40
 Bridges © 2009
Calculations for stability of abutment
Load Type N V La M
(kN/ (kN/ (m) (kNm) M
m) m) (kNm)
DL from abutment 129.1 2.10 171.15
2
DL from self weight of 108.0 2.25 243
footing 0
DL from superstructure 120.6 1.85 223.15
2
Superimposed DL of 16.02 1.85 29.64
superstructure
Live load on 150.4 1.85 278.30
superstructure 3
Braking 0 52.66 5.70 0 300.16
Earth fill pressure - 0 200.3 2.47 0 540.97
Horizontal 6
Earth fill pressure - Normal 218.88 0 3.55 777.02 0
verSurcharge
arm for Earth fill normal
pressure - load,
40.11La = 0.5
0 x3.55
1.90 +142.39
1.0 + 1.60
41 = 3.55
Normal 0
Bridges © 2009

Stability Calculations
Safety Against Overturning :
Restoring moment = 1,864.65 kNm/m
Overturning moment = 1,063.72 kNm/m
Restoring moment/ Overturning moment
Factor of safety = 1864.65/1063.72 = 1.75 >
1.5 - OK

Safety Against Sliding

Driving force = 313.18 kN/m
Resisting force: N and  = 0.60
Therefore resisting force = 783.18 x 0.6 =
469.91 kN/m.
Hence safety against sliding :
42
469.91/313.18 = 1.50 = 1.5 -- OK
 ANALYSIS OF
Bridges © 2009

FOUNDATION
Foundation Normal Earth Pressures

(i) Due to backfill on the footing

Given that; s = 18 kN/m3
P = 18 x (1.7 + 4.7) x 1.90 x 1.5 = 328.32
kN/m
For the whole length of the abutment,
P = 328.32 x 9.4 = 3,086.21kN

(ii) Due to Surcharge

For HA loading, 10 kN/m2
For HB loading, 20 kN/m2 for 45 HB units
Choose the critical value from HB, hence
P = 20 x 1 x 1.90 x 1.5 = 57.0 kN/m
For the whole length of abutment:
43
P = 57.0 x 9.4 = 535.8 kN
 Bridges © 2009

Loads to the Foundation

S u rc h a rg e 0 .4 0 0 .6 0

Nd

1 .7 0
10m m Nd = S u p e rs tru c tu re lo a d
Fb
0 .2 5 Gw = Lo a d d u e to s e lf w e ig h t
Ns o f a b u tm e n t s te m
0 .4 1 .8 5
Gf = Lo a d d u e to s e lf w e ig h t
0 .1 5 o f fo u n d a tio n
Vs

4 .7 0
Ea = Ea rth fill lo a d - h o riz o n ta l
Ea Gw

5 .7 0
En = Ea rth fill lo a d - n o rm a l
Ns = No rm a l lo a d d u e to
2 .1 0
s u rc h a rg e
3 .7 0
2 .4 7

Vs = Ho riz o n ta l lo a d d u e to
Gf

1 .0 0 m
En s u rc h a rg e
1 .3 0 2 .2 5 Fb = B ra kin g fo rc e
Re f. P o in t
1 .9 0 1 .0 0 1 .6 0

4 .5 0 m

44
Bridges © 2009
Foundation loads at ULS
Load Type N V La M M
(kN) (kN) (m) (kNm) (kNm)
DL from abutment 1,395.81 0.15 209.37
DL from self weight of footing 0.00 0.0
1,167.48
DL from superstructure 1,303.87 0.40 521.55
Superimposed DL of 0.40 105.39
superstructure 263.48
Live load on superstructure 1,838.26 0.40 753.30
Braking 0 495.00 5.70 2,821.5
Earth fill load - Horizontal 0 1,883.34 2.47 4651.85
Earth fill load - Normal 3,086.21 0 1.30 0.0 4012.07
Surcharge load -Horizontal 0 565.50* 3.70 283.46 0
Surcharge load -Normal 535.8 0 1.30 0.0 367.56
TOTAL 9590.91 2,943.84 11155.3 4379.63

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Bridges © 2009
Design moment M = 11155.3 – 4379.63 =
6775.67 kNm

Stress in the soil:

9590.91/(9.4 x 4.5)  6775.67 x 6/(9.4 x 4.5 x
4.5)=
226.74  213.56
1 = 440.32 kN/m2
2 = 13.18 kN/m2.
3 = 288.45 kN/m2
Assume concrete cover c = 50 mm, bar diam.
= 20mm
Therefore, d = 1000 – 50 – 10 = 940 mm

4 = 377.67 kN/m2 (obtained after establishing

the effective depth, d.
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Bridges © 2009

Analysis of Bridge Foundation

Lm
1 .9 0 1 .0 0 1 .6 0
d Lv
kN/m 2
1 3 .1 8

kN/m 2
4 4 0 .3 2


Stress 
 4
in the L
soil 47
 Bridges © 2009
Stresses in the soil
N M
 1 ,2  
BL Z

 L  Lm 
3 2   1   2 
 L 
Face shear at column/wall face
1 3
V  B .Lm
2
Critical shear at a distance d from column/wall face
1 4
V B .Lv
2
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Bridges © 2009

Design Moment
Design Moment at critical section (= at wall face)
Lm 1 2
M d   3 .Lm .B .  . 1   3 Lm .B . Lm
2 2 3
Md = 288.45 x 1.6 x 1.6 x 4.5/2 + 583.18
Md = 2244.65 kNm/m
MRC = 0.156 x 4500 x 9402 x 40 = 24,811.49 kNm/m
M/fcuBd2 = 0.014 , z = 0.95d = 893 mm
As = 2244.65 x 1000000/(0.87 x 460 x 893) =
6280.87 mm2
As,min = 0.13 x 4500x1000/100 = 5850 mm2
(for the whole width of the foundation) 49