Principles of Statistics

Section 5
11-11-2023
Question 1: Choose the correct answer.

1) Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?

a. Mean b. Median
c. Variance d. Mode
2) The most frequently occurring value in a set of data is called the
________________.

a. mean b. median
c. variance d. mode

3) Which of the following is an appropriate measure of central tendency for

nominal data?

a. Mode b. Mean
c. Median d. Coefficient of variation
4) The middle value in an ordered array of numbers is called the ________________.

a. mode b. mean
c. median d. variance

5) Actual blood pressure values for nine randomly selected individuals are:
118.6 127.4 138.4 130.0 113.7 122.0 108.3 131.5 133.2
The median is equal to…………………..

a. 124.7889 b. 127.4
c. 128.7 d. 122.0
e. the median is not defined for this dataset

• First: we should order Those values: 108.3 113.7 118.6 122.0 127.4 130 131.5 133.2 133.4.
• Second step: get the median location =(n+1)/2
• Here the median rank =(9+1)/2=5
6) Which measure of central location can be calculated when the data is ratio?

a. The mean b. The median

c. The mode d. All of the above

7) The first four deviations from the mean in a sample of n = 5 reaction times were 0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.0. What is the
fifth deviation from the mean?

a. -2 b. 0
c. 1 d. 2
e. We need to know the actual data to answer this question

• Since the sum of all deviations from the arithmetic mean = zero.
• Here the sum of the first 4 deviations = 0+0.2+0.8+1=2
• So, the last deviation should be -2.
8) The _____________ can be calculated for all types of data measurement levels.

a. mean b. median
c. mode d. variance

9) The mean, median, and mode for the following set of data are all the same value
(20). Data: 18, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22. If the highest number was changed from 22 to
322, which of the following would be most affected?

a. Mean b. Median
c. Mode d. Sample size
10) The sum of the deviations about the arithmetic mean is always equal to
__________.

a. zero b. the variance

c. the mean absolute deviation d. the standard deviation
11- Which of the following describes the shape of the histogram below?

a. Positively skewed
b. Negatively skewed
c. Symmetric
d. None of these choices
12- The distribution in which the values of the median, mean and mode are not equal is considered
as
a. Experimental distribution
b. Skewed distribution
c. Symmetric distribution
d. Exploratory distribution

13- If for a given data, the mode is 13, mean is 16, and the median is 15, then the data is
e. Symmetric
f. Positively skewed
c. Negatively skewed

If mode < median < mean, then the data is positively skewed
Here, mode=13 < median =15 < mean = 16, then the data is positively skewed
14. If the median is equal to 27, the mode is 30 and the mean is 16, then the data is
a. Symmetric
b. Positively skewed
c. Negatively skewed

If mean < median < mode, then the data is negatively skewed
Here, mean = 16 < median = 27 < mode =30, the data is negatively skewed

15. If you know that the mean is 22 and the median is 31, which of the following values is true for the mode if
the distribution is negatively skewed.
d. 15
e. 27
f. 35
The data is negatively skewed if: mean < median < mode
Mean = 22, and the median is 31, so the mode must be a value that is more than 31
The mode is 35
Question 2:State which of the following statements is true and
which is false and correct the false statements:

1) We can obtain the median for all quantitative and all qualitative variables.
False
We can obtain the median for ordinal data in addition to all quantitative variables.

2) If the mean of the household’s salaries is high, this indicates high level of
standards.
False
This may indicate the existence of extreme values or outliers in the data
3) The value of the mode will be affected if an outlier is added to the data.

False
The value of the mode won’t be affected if an outlier is added to the data
Or, the value of the mean will be affected if an outlier is added to the data.
Question 3: Answer the following
1) A statistics student made the following grades on 5 tests: 84, 78, 88,
78, and 72. What are the mean, mode, and median grade?

a) Mean = =
b) Mode=78
c) Median:
• To get the median, we must order the values first:
72, 78, 78, 84, 88
• Median rank=
• The median is the 3rd value
• So, median =78
2) A commuter travels many miles to work each morning. She has timed this
trip 6 times during the last month. The time (in minutes) required to make this
trip was 34, 39, 40, 35, 41, and 43. Find the sample mean, median, and modal
time required for this trip.

a) Sample mean ( = =
b) The mode does not exist.
c) Median:
• To get the median, we must order the values first:
34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 43
• Median rank=.5
• The median is the average of 3rd and 4th values
• So, median =(39+40)/2 = 39.5
4) Find the mode of each of the following data provided it exists:

a. 6, 8, 6, 5, 5, 7, 7, 9, 7, 6, 8, 4, and 7.

Mode=7

b. 57, 39, 54, 30, 46, 22, 48, 35, 27, 31, and 23.

The mode doesn’t exist

c. 11, 15, 13, 114, 12, 10, 11, 12, 13, 11, and 13.
• We have two modes= 11 and 13.
Question (1):
• The following is the distribution of the number of books that a sample of 80 students
buys in the first grade of education.
Number of books Number of students
0- 34
5- 20
10- 15
15- 9
20-25 2

• Calculate:
a. The mean.
b. The median
c. The mode .
A-The mean
Class Frequency (fi) Midpoint (Mi) Fi*Mi
0- 34 2.5 85
5- 20 7.5 150
10- 15 12.5 187.5
15- 9 17.5 157.5
20-25 2 22.5 45
Total 80 625

Mean== 7.8
B- The median

• To get the median we will follow the following steps:

1- Calculate the cumulative distribution.
2- Draw the ogive
3- Get n/2
4- Get the point where 50% of the data is less than.
1- Cumulative distribution:

Class Cumulative frequency

Less than 0 0
Les than 5 34
Less than 10 34+20=54
Less than 15 34+20+15= 69
Less than 20 34+20+15+9= 78
Less than 25 34+20+15+9+2= 80
2-Draw the ogive.
3- get n/2 Ogive of the number of books
90

• n=80 80

• n/2=40 70

4- get the point where 50% 60

of the data is less than. 50

40

• So, the median = 6.5 30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C- The mode
• The model class is the class with the highest frequency.
• The modal class= (0-5)
• The mode=
Question (2)
• If you have the following frequency table:

Class Frequency
10- 6
20- 11
30- 5
40- 6
50-60 2

a. The mean.
b. The mode, and the modal class.
c. The median.
A- The mean
Class Frequency (fi) Midpoint (Mi) Fi*Mi
10- 6 15
90
20- 11 25
275
30- 5 35
175
40- 6 45
270
50-60 2 55
110
Total 30
920

Mean== 30.67
B- The mode and the model class
• The model class is the class with the highest frequency.
• The modal class= (20-30)
• The mode=
C- The median
• To get the median we will follow the following steps:
1- Calculate the cumulative distribution.
2- Draw the ogive
3- Get n/2
4- Get the point where 50% of the data is less than.
1- Cumulative distribution:

Class Cumulative frequency

Less than 10 0
Les than 20 6
Less than 30 6+11 = 17
Less than 40 3+11+5 = 22
Less than 50 6+11+5+6 = 28
Less than 60 6+11+5+6+2 = 30
2-Draw the ogive.
3- get n/2 35
Cumulative frequency

• n=30 30

25

• n/2 = 15 20

15

4- get the point where 50% 10

of the data is less than.

5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

• So, the median =28.2