Quarter 3 – Module 1:

Types of Volcanoes
SCIENCE 9
 OBJECTIVES

• 1. Describe the different types of volcanoes based on:a-

b-1
• a. frequency of eruption
• b. volcanic features
• c. volcanic eruption style
 Introduction to Volcanoes

• The Philippines located along the Ring of Fire is

a home to many volcanoes. The term volcano
generally refers to an opening or vent in a earth’s
crust from which molten rock, ash (pulverized
rock and pumice) and gases escape from below.
 VOLCANO
• A volcano is a vent, or a mountain from which magma (molten
or hot rocks with gaseous materials) are ejected onto the earth’s
surface. Unlike other mountains which are pushed up from
below, volcanoes are built by surface accumulation of their
eruptive products – layers of lava, fragmented rock materials,
and ashes. When temperature and pressure from gases within
the molten rock become too great, an eruption occurs. Volcanic
eruption is the process wherein these volcanic materials are
ejected from a volcano.
• Volcanism is the term which covers all kinds of volcanic
activities. It includes the process that gives rise to magma
and causes its movements in the earth. In recent years,
volcanism has studied carefully. Much has been learned
about the process of rock formation and the conditions
that prevail under the surface of the earth. What do
scientists know about the interior of the earth? How do
they relate tectonic forces with the present structure of
the earth’s crusts?
• As mentioned, tectonics is the study of the major
features of the earth’s crust including their structural
evolution. Tectonic forces are the forces associated
with geological activities such as the uplift of
mountain ranges, folding, faulting, and motion of
continents. They are responsible for the movements in
the earth’s crust and the earthquakes along the faults.
Tectonic forces are manifested during volcano
formation and eruption.
 HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED?
• 1. Most volcanoes are formed as a result of
geological activities along plate boundaries. For
example, in the Ring of Fire, volcanoes were
formed in the subduction zone. After two plates
collide, one plate sinks into the mantle and melts.
The resulting magma rises through the other plate
above it and forms a chain of volcanoes.
• 2. Volcanoes are also formed along the
rift of two plates which are being pulled
apart. Magma rises out of the rift from
the sea as the seafloors spread. Iceland
is an island that was formed this way.
• 3. Some other volcanoes are formed at the
center of a plate by plumes. A plume is a
rising column of super hot magma from
some places in the mantle. The shooting
magma can burn a hole into the plate
above and form a volcano. The Hawaiian
Islands are volcanoes formed this way.
• How many volcanoes are there in the world? Geologist
believe that the number of volcanoes in the world could be in
millions, dating back since the earth had started. There are
about 600 active volcanoes known today, 50-60 of which
have erupted at least once yearly and at least 20 erupting at
any given time. According to PHIVOLCS, our country is an
ideal site for any volcanic activity. It is therefore, important
for us to know how this natural phenomenon happens to
reduce the risks and effects it may cause.
Volcano Concept Map Objective:
Characterize a volcano
1. Based on the picture. Give five descriptions of a volcano.
Present your answer in a concept map as shown below.
 Types of Volcanoes:
A. Based on Frequency of Eruption
• 1. ActiveVolcanoes – these are volcanoes that erupt
occasionally. - These are volcanoes that erupted within
historical times (past 600 years), have oral or written
historical accounts and historical volcanic seismicity.
They also erupted within the last 10,000 years, based on
the age of volcanic rocks, which is determined through
radiometric dating.
• - Examples are Mount Mayon in Albay,
Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales, Taal Volcano
in Batangas, Mauna Loa in Hawaii,
Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland, Mount
Vesuvius in Italy, Mount Nyiragongo in
Congo, Mount Merapi in Indonesia, and
Sakurajima in Japan
• Inactive/Dormant Volcanoes – These are volcanoes
that have no record of eruption. The long period of
inactivity is evident from weathering and erosion of
deep and long valleys. - Examples are Mount
Homahan in Sorsogon, Balo Dome in South
Cotabato, Mount Binaca in Maguindanao, Mauna
Kea in Hawaii, Mount Edziza in Canada, and
Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.
• Extinct Volcanoes – it has not erupted or no proof
of eruption in historical times. However, there are
volcanoes that have been thought to be extinct but
suddenly resumed eruption lately. One typical
example is Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales. Prior to its
eruption in 1991, it was classified as an extinct
volcano for it has not erupted for 600 years. Now,
Mt. Pinatubo is classified as an active volcano.
•- Examples are Mount Guinsiliban
in Camiguin Island, Kyushu-Palau
Ridge in the Philippine Sea, Ben
Nevis in United Kingdom,
Huascaran in Peru, and Mount
Buninyong in Australia
Based on Volcanic Features and Location
 Based on Volcanic Eruptions
• 1. Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a stream-
driven eruption as the hot rocks come in
contact with water. It is short-lived,
characterized ash columns but maybe an onset
of a larger eruption. Example is Taal Volcano
in Batangas.
• 2. Phreatomagmatic – is a violent eruption
due to the contact between water and magma
that leads to a large column of very fine ash
and high-speed and sideway emission of
pyroclastics called base surges can be
observed. Examples are Surtseyan in Iceland
and Mount Tarawera in New Zealand.
•3. Strombolian – a periodic weak
to violent eruption characterized
fountain lava, just like the Irazu
Volcano in Costa Rica, Mount
Etna in Italy, and Mount Erebus
in Antartica.
• 4. Vulcanian – characterized by tall
eruption columns that reach up to 20 km
high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall
tephra like that of Paricutin in Mexico,
Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea, and
Sakurajima in Japan
• 5. Plinian – excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas and
pyroclastics, just like our Pinatubo in
Zambales. Other examples are Mt.
Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. St. Helens in
America, and Hekla in Iceland.
• 6. Pelean – very violent eruption characterized by
voluminous explosive ejections of pumice and ash
flows. A large amount of gas, dust, ash and lava
fragments are blown out in the volcano’s central
crater, driven by collapse of rhyolite, dacite,, and
andesite lava dome collapses that often create large
eruptive columns. Examples are Mt. Pelee in
Martinique, Mayon Volcano in Bicol and Mt.
Lamington.
 Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Write your
answer on your activity notebook. A. Use the word bank to complete each
statement about volcanoes.

• 1. ________are volcanoes that erupted within historical times (past 600

years), have oral or written historical accounts and historical volcanic
seismicity. 2. Some of the most beautiful mountains in the world are
___________ volcanoes. 3. Cinder cones also known as ___________are
the simplest type of volcanoes. It has a narrow base and a very steep slope
composed primarily of loose pyroclastic materials. 4. Subglacial volcano
is created by eruptions beneath the surface of a __________ or sheets
which is then melted into a lake by the rising lava that resembles to the
pillow lava formed by submarine volcanoes.
• 4. Subglacial volcano is created by eruptions beneath the surface of a
__________ or sheets which is then melted into a lake by the rising lava that
resembles to the pillow lava formed by submarine volcanoes. 5. Phreatic or
hydrothermal is a ____________ eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with
water. 6. ____________ is a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized
fountain lava, just like the Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica 7. The term
_____________ implies a volcanic center that has recorded an eruption with a
magnitude of 8 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (EVI). 8. In phreatomagmatic,
a large column of very fine as and high-speed and sideway emission of
pyroclastics called _____________ are observed. 9. _____________ very
violent eruption characterized by voluminous explosive ejections of pumice and
ash flows. 10. Inactive also known as ___________are volcanoes that have no
record of eruption.