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Beams

The document discusses methods for determining internal forces in beams and trusses. It describes using the method of sections to determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment at a specified point in a beam. This involves isolating a segment, drawing a free body diagram, and applying equilibrium equations. Sign conventions for drawing shear and moment diagrams are also outlined. Examples show how to apply these methods to calculate and graph the shear and moment functions for beams under different loading conditions.

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41 views37 pages

Beams

The document discusses methods for determining internal forces in beams and trusses. It describes using the method of sections to determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment at a specified point in a beam. This involves isolating a segment, drawing a free body diagram, and applying equilibrium equations. Sign conventions for drawing shear and moment diagrams are also outlined. Examples show how to apply these methods to calculate and graph the shear and moment functions for beams under different loading conditions.

Uploaded by

nurfathirahrosman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Beams

Internal loadings at a specified point


• The internal load at a specified point in a member
can be determined by using the method of sections
• This consists of:
– N, normal force
– V, shear force
– M, bending moment
Internal loadings at a specified point
• Sign convention
– Although the choice is arbitrary, the convention has
been widely accepted in structural engineering
Internal loadings at a specified point
• Newton’s 3rd Law “an equal but opposite normal
force, shear force & bending moment must act on
the right hand face of the member at the section
Internal loadings at a specified point
• Isolate a segment of the member and +ve normal force
tends to elongate the segment (fig. b)
• +ve shear tends to rotate the segment clockwise (fig. c)
• +ve bending moment tends to bend the segment concave
upward (fig. d)
Internal loadings at a specified point
• Procedure for analysis
– Determine the support reactions before the member is
“cut”
– If the member is part of a pin-connected structure, the
pin reactions can be determine using the methods of
section
– Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments & forces
acting on the member in their exact location
Internal loadings at a specified point
– Pass an imaginary section through the member,
perpendicular to its axis at the point where the internal
loading is to be determined
– Then draw a free-body diagram of the segment that has
the least no. of loads on it
– Indicate the unknown resultants N, V & M acting in their
positive directions
Internal loadings at a specified point
– Moments should be summed at the section about axes
that pass through the centroid of the member’s x-
sectional area in order to eliminate N & V, thereby
solving M
– If the solution of the equilibrium eqn yields a quantity
having a –ve magnitude, then the assumed directional
sense of the quantity is opposite to that shown on the
free-body diagram
Example 1
Determine the internal shear & moment acting in the cantilever beam at
sections passing through C & D.
Solution
If we consider free-body diagrams of segments to the right of the
sections, the support reactions at A do not have to be calculated.
Solution
Shear & Moment Functions
• Design of beam requires detailed knowledge of the
variations of V & M
• Internal N is generally not considered as:
– The loads applied to a beam act perpendicular to the
beam’s axis
– For design purpose, a beam’s resistance to shear &
bending is more important than its ability to resist
normal force
– An exception is when it is subjected to compressive axial
force where buckling may occur
Shear & Moment Functions
• In general, the internal shear & moment functions
will be discontinuous or their slope will
discontinuous at points where:
– The type or magnitude of the distributed load changes
– Concentrated forces or couple moments are applied
Shear & Moment Functions
• Procedure for Analysis
– Determine the support reactions on the beam
– Resolve all the external forces into components acting
perpendicular & parallel to beam’s axis
– Specify separate coordinates x and associated origins,
extending into:
• Regions of the beam between concentrated forces and/or
couple moments
• Discontinuity of distributed loading
Shear & Moment Functions
• Procedure for Analysis
– Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at each
distance x
– From the free-body diagram of one of the segments,
determine the unknowns V & M
– On the free-body diagram, V & M should be shown
acting in their +ve directions
– V is obtained from
– M is obtained by
Shear & Moment Functions
• Procedure for Analysis
– The results can be checked by noting that:
Example 2
Determine the shear & moment in the beam as a function of x.
Solution
Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Beam
• When F acts downward on the beam, ΔV is negative
so diagram shows a “jump” downward.
• If F acts upwards the jump (ΔV) is upward.

• If an external couple moment M’ is applied


clockwise, ΔM is positive, so that the moment
diagram jumps upward.
• When M’ acts counterclockwise, the jump (ΔM)
must be downward
Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Beam

An external force “P”


act downward on the Shear diagram
beam shows a “jump”
downward

An external couple
moment M’ is Therefore , the
applied jump ΔM must be
counterclockwise downward
Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Beam
Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Beam
Example 3
Draw the shear & moment diagrams for the beam.
Solution
At end points:
x = 0m, V = 30kN
x = 9m, V = -60kN
The load w is –ve & linearly increasing, dV/dx=w

The point of zero shear can be found by using method of sections from a
beam segment of length x,
Solution
From the shear diagram, for 0<x<5.20m, the value of shear is +ve but ↓
so dM/dx=V

At x = 5.20m, dM/dx=0

Likewise for 5.20m<x<9m, the shear & so the slope of the moment
diagram are –ve ↑

Max M is at x = 5.20m since dM/dx =V=0


Solution
We have,
Example 4
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams.
Solution
The support reactions are calculated & shown on a free-body diagram of
each beam.

From the sign convention, V at the ends of each beam is plotted first.

Since dV/dx = w, the slope of the shear between these 2 ends can be
determined.

V versus x can be sketched.


Solution
From the sign convention, M at the ends of each beam is plotted first.

Since dM/dx = V, the trend of the slope of the moment diagram


between these 2 ends can be determined.

M versus x can be sketched.


Solution

Chapter 4: Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members


Structural Analysis 7th Edition
© 2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Trusses + beams
• Trusses : 3 formula
• Zero member : 2 cases
• Method joint
• Method section
• Internal and external stability
• Beams: 3 formula
• SI unit
• Method section
• Cutting section : 2 conditions
• Construct SFD and BMD

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