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Modeling Research

Pointer to ilustrate how to conduct a specialized research by utilizing modelling activities as a basis.

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Erwin “Eru” Widodo
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21 views26 pages

Modeling Research

Pointer to ilustrate how to conduct a specialized research by utilizing modelling activities as a basis.

Uploaded by

Erwin “Eru” Widodo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modeling research

Erwin Widodo
Industrial Engineering Dept. ITS

1
Research
• Definition
– Textual (MW): careful study that is done to find
and report new knowledge about something
– Practical: ? Check slide no. 4
• Inception:
– Area
– Gap
– Topic

2
Scientific work
Research is a subset of scientific work
• System description More basic

• Tools exercise
• Model modification
• System invention More advanced

Where should we be?

3
My favorite illustration of research
It requires:
• Contiguity
• Capability
• Continuity

4
Model
• Iconic
• Analog
• Analytic/mathematic

5
Iconic model

6
Analog model

7
Analytical/mathematical model

8
General mapping

9
Natural vs Formal System

10
Why modeling?
• Fundamental and quantitative way to understand
and analyze complex systems and phenomena
• Complement to Theory and Experiment, and
often inter-gate them
• Becoming widespread in: Medicals, Physics,
Biology, Chemistry, Mechanics, Materials, …, and
Industry.
• Develop communication skills working with
practicing professionals
11
Mathematical modeling process

12
Real World Problem
Identify Real-World Problem:
– Perform background research, focus
on a workable problem.
– Conduct investigations (Labs), if
appropriate.
– Learn the use of a computational tool: Matlab,
Mathematica, Excel, Java.
Understand current activity and predict future
behavior.
Example: Falling Rock

Determine the motion of a rock dropped


from height, H, above the ground with
initial velocity, V.
A discrete model: Find the position and
velocity of the rock above the ground at
the equally spaced times, t0, t1, t2, …;
e.g. t0 = 0 sec., t1 = 1 sec., t2 = 2 sec., etc.
|______|______|____________|______

t0 t1 t2 … tn
Working Model
Simplify  Working Model:
Identify and select factors to
describe important aspects of
Real World Problem; determine
factors that can be neglected.
– State simplifying assumptions.
– Determine governing principles, physical laws.
– Identify model variables and inter-relationships.
Example: Falling Rock
• Governing principles: d = v*t and v = a*t.
• Simplifying assumptions:
– Gravity is the only force acting on the body.
– Flat earth.
– No drag (air resistance).
– Model variables are H,V, g; t, x, and v
– Rock’s position and velocity above the ground
will be modeled at discrete times (t0, t1, t2, …)
until rock hits the ground.
Mathematical Model
Represent  Mathematical
Model: Express the Working
Model in mathematical terms;
write down mathematical equa-
tions whose solution describes
the Working Model.

In general, the success of a mathematical model


depends on how easy it is to use and how
accurately it predicts
 The simplest is the best
Example: Falling Rock
v0 v1 v2 … vn
x0 x1 x2 … xn
|______|______|____________|_____
t0 t1 t2 … tn 

t0 = 0; x0 = H; v0 = V
t1= t0 + Δt t2= t1 + Δt
x1= x0 + (v0*Δt) x2= x1 + (v1*Δt)
v1= v0 - (g*Δt) v2= v1 - (g*Δt)
…
Computational Model
Translate  Computational
Model: Change Mathema- tical
Model into a form suitable for
computational solution.
• Existence of unique solution
• Choice of the numerical method
• Choice of the algorithm
• Software (Matlab, Excel, or Mathematica, or
languages such as Fortran, C, C++, or Java).
Example: Falling Rock
Pseudo Code
Input
V, initial velocity; H, initial height
g, acceleration due to gravity
Δt, time step; imax, maximum number of steps
Output
ti, t-value at time step i
xi, height at time ti
vi, velocity at time ti
Example: Falling Rock

Initialize
Set ti = t0 = 0; vi = v0 = V; xi = x0 = H
print ti, xi, vi
Time stepping: i = 1, imax
Set ti = ti + Δt
Set xi = xi + vi*Δt
Set vi = vi - g*Δt
print ti, xi, vi
if (xi <= 0), Set xi = 0; quit
Results/Conclusions
Simulate  Results/Con- clusions:
Run “Computational Model” to
obtain Results; draw
Conclusions.
– Verify your computer program; use check
cases; explore ranges of validity.
– Graphs, charts, and other visualization tools
are useful in summarizing results and drawing
conclusions.
Falling Rock: Model
Real World Problem
Interpret Conclusions:
Compare with Real World
Problem behavior.

– If model results do not “agree” with physical


reality or experimental data, reexamine the
Working Model (relax assumptions) and repeat
modeling steps.
– Often, the modeling process proceeds through
several iterations until model is“acceptable”.
Example: Falling Rock
• To create a more realistic model of a falling
rock, some of the simplifying assumptions
could be dropped; e.g., incorporate drag -
depends on shape of the rock, is proportional
to velocity.
• Improve discrete model:
– Approximate velocities in the midpoint of time
intervals instead of the beginning.
– Reduce the size of Δt.
General pitfalls
• Under-leveled in scientific work spectrum
• Over-aggregation
• Unsolved research
• Obvious/no-benefit research
• Too wide and shallow, not narrow and detail
(We sometimes forget that we are in a
doctoral program )
• Modelling is not a solution, it is still a problem
26

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