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Unit-1 Heterogenous and Homogenous Databases

This document discusses different types of distributed database management systems (DDBMS). It describes homogeneous DDBMSs, where all sites use the same DBMS product, versus heterogeneous DDBMSs where sites may use different DBMS products. Within homogeneous DDBMSs there are autonomous systems, where each database functions independently, and non-autonomous systems with a central coordinating DBMS. Heterogeneous DDBMSs require translations between different data models and structures. Gateways are often used to convert between different DBMS languages and models. The document also mentions federated and un-federated approaches to integrating heterogeneous databases.

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57 views10 pages

Unit-1 Heterogenous and Homogenous Databases

This document discusses different types of distributed database management systems (DDBMS). It describes homogeneous DDBMSs, where all sites use the same DBMS product, versus heterogeneous DDBMSs where sites may use different DBMS products. Within homogeneous DDBMSs there are autonomous systems, where each database functions independently, and non-autonomous systems with a central coordinating DBMS. Heterogeneous DDBMSs require translations between different data models and structures. Gateways are often used to convert between different DBMS languages and models. The document also mentions federated and un-federated approaches to integrating heterogeneous databases.

Uploaded by

Keshav Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Unit 1:

Types of Distributed DBMSs


Fig. 1: Types of Distributed DBMSs
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous DDBMSs

● A DDBMS may be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous.


● In a homogeneous system, all sites use the same DBMS product. For
example, each database is an Oracle database.
● In a heterogeneous system, sites may run different DBMS products, which
need not be based on the same underlying data model, and so the system
may be composed of relational, network, hierarchical, and object-oriented
DBMSs.
● In a heterogeneous distributed database system, at least one of the
databases is a non-Oracle database.
Homogeneous DDBMSs
● Homogeneous systems are much easier to design and manage. This approach
provides incremental growth, making the addition of a new site to the
DDBMS easy, and allows increased performance by exploiting the parallel
processing capability of multiple sites.
Types of Homogeneous Distributed Database

● There are two types of homogeneous distributed database −


o Autonomous − Each database is independent that functions on its own. They are
integrated by a controlling application and use message passing to share data updates.
o Non-autonomous − Data is distributed across the homogeneous nodes and a central
or master DBMS co-ordinates data updates across the sites.
Heterogeneous DDBMSs
● Heterogeneous systems usually result when individual sites have
implemented their own databases and integration is considered at a later
stage.
● In a heterogeneous system, translations are required to allow
communication between different DBMSs.
● To provide DBMS transparency, users must be able to make requests in the
language of the DBMS at their local site. The system then has the task of
locating the data and performing any necessary translation.
● Data may be required from another site that may have:
o different hardware;
o different DBMS products;
o different hardware and different DBMS products.
Translation in a Heterogenous System
● If the hardware is different but the DBMS products are the same, the translation is
straightforward, involving the change of codes and word lengths.
● If the DBMS products are different, the translation is complicated involving the
mapping of data structures in one data model to the equivalent data structures in
another data model.
● For example, relations in the relational data model are mapped to records and sets in
the network model.
● If both the hardware and software are different, then both these types of translation
are required. This makes the processing extremely complex.
Using Gateways for translation
● The typical solution used by some relational systems that are part of a
heterogeneous DDBMS is to use gateways, which convert the language and
model of each different DBMS into the language and model of the relational
system.
● However, it only acts as a query translator. As such, generally it does not address
the issues of homogenizing the structural and representational differences
between different schemas.
● The transparent gateway agent facilitates communication between Oracle and
non-Oracle databases and uses the Heterogeneous Services component in the
Oracle database server. The agent executes SQL and transactional requests at the
non-Oracle system on behalf of the Oracle database server.
Types of Heterogenous Systems
• Federated − The heterogeneous database systems are independent in nature and
integrated together so that they function as a single database system.
• Un-federated − The database systems employ a central coordinating module through
which the databases are accessed.
REFERENCES

1. Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design Implementation and


Management 6th Global Edition, by Thomas Connolly and Carolyn Begg,
Pearson Publications.
2. Principles of Distributed Database Systems, M.T. Ozsu and P. Valduriez, 3rd
Edition, Prentice Hall.
3. https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000007CS/
P001063/M017514/ET/1474626722etext-mod16.pdf

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