UNIT 3

Engineering
Data
Introduction

Access to information Our conduct

• Canvas • Respect
• Teams • Expectations
• Student email • Time

2
Class activity Activity response platform

• Verbal discussion • Paper submission

• Direct engagement • Teams Notebook
TEAMS NOTEBOOK

3
Recap of last week’s lesson

4
Learning Outcome 1: Examine scientific data using
both quantitative and qualitative data

TODAYS OBJECTIVES
Let’s have a look at what we will be covering
today:
 Describe data using graphs
 Describe data using numerical measures
Describing Qualitative Data
 Key Terms
A class is one of the categories into which qualitative data can be
classified.
The class frequency is the number of observations in the data set falling
into a particular class.
The class relative frequency is the class frequency divided by the total
numbers of observations in the data set.
The class percentage is the class relative frequency multiplied by 100.
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Summary Table

1. Lists categories & number of elements in category

2. Obtained by tallying responses in category
3. May show frequencies (counts), % or both

Row Is Major Count Tally:

Category
Accounting 130 |||| ||||
|||| ||||
Economics 20
Management 50
Total 200
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Bar Graph
150
Equal Bar
Widths Bar Height
100 Shows
Frequency

Percent Frequency or %
Used
Also
50

0
Acct. Econ. Mgmt.
Major Vertical Bars
Zero Point for Qualitative
Variables
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Pie Chart

1. Shows breakdown of
Majors
total quantity into
categories Mgmt.
Econ. 25%
2. Useful for showing
relative differences 10% 36°

3. Angle size
• Acct.
(360°)(percent)
65%
(360°) (10%) = 36°
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Pareto Diagram
Like a bar graph, but with the categories arranged by
height in descending order from left to right.
150
Equal Bar
Widths Bar Height
100 Shows
Frequency

Percent Frequency or %
Used
Also
50

0
Acct. Mgmt. Econ.
Major Vertical Bars
Zero Point for Qualitative
Variables
 Summary
Bar graph: The categories (classes) of the qualitative
variable are represented by bars, where the height of
each bar is either the class frequency, class relative
frequency, or class percentage.
Pie chart: The categories (classes) of the qualitative
variable are represented by slices of a pie (circle). The
size of each slice is proportional to the class relative
frequency.
Pareto diagram: A bar graph with the categories
(classes) of the qualitative variable (i.e., the bars)
arranged by height in descending order from left to
right.
 Task 1 (15 minutes)
You’re an analyst for BFC. You want to show the market
shares held by Web browsers in 2022. Construct a
1. Bar graph,
2. Pie chart,
3. Pareto diagram to describe the data.
Browser Mkt. Share (%)
Firefox 14
Internet Explorer 81
Safari 4
Chrome 18
Others 1
Graphical Methods for Describing
Quantitative Data
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Dot Plot
1. Horizontal axis is a scale for the quantitative variable,
e.g., percent.
2. The numerical value of each measurement is located
on the horizontal scale by a dot.
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Stem-and-Leaf Display

1. Divide each observation

into stem value and leaf 0 78
value 1 3357
• Stems are listed in order in a 2 24578
column 3 2226
• Leaf value is placed in
4 3
corresponding stem row to right of
bar
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Frequency Distribution Table Steps

1. Determine range
2. Select number of classes
• Usually between 5 & 15 inclusive
3. Compute class intervals (width)
4. Determine class boundaries (limits)
5. Compute class midpoints
6. Count observations & assign to classes
 Frequency Distribution Table Example

Raw Data: 24, 26, 24, 21, 27 27 30, 41, 32, 38

Class Midpoint Frequency

15.5 – 25.5 20.5 3

Width
25.5 – 35.5 30.5 5

35.5 – 45.5 40.5 2

Boundaries (Lower + Upper Boundaries) / 2

 Relative Frequency &
% Distribution Tables

Relative Frequency Percentage

Distribution Distribution

Class Prop. Class %

15.5 – 25.5 .3 15.5 – 25.5 30.0
25.5 – 35.5 .5 25.5 – 35.5 50.0
35.5 – 45.5 .2 35.5 – 45.5 20.0
 Data Presentation

Data
Presentation

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data

Summary Dot Stem-&-Leaf Frequency

Table Plot Display Distribution

Bar Pie Pareto

Histogram
Graph Chart Diagram
 Histogram

Class Freq.
Count 15.5 – 25.5 3
5 25.5 – 35.5 5
35.5 – 45.5 2
Frequency 4

Relative 3
Frequency 2 Bars
Touch
Percent 1
0
0 15.5 25.5 35.5 45.5 55.5
Lower Boundary
 Task 2 (15 minutes)

Raw Data: 15, 28 21, 31, 45, 37, 33, 21, 39, 30
Construct a histogram

Class Midpoint Frequency

15.5 – 25.5

25.5 – 35.5

35.5 – 45.5
Example 1.

Calculate the mean, range and standard deviation of the distribution in the
table below
 Variable Frequency (X) X-
2 3 75 Sum of Variables = 762
3 8 128
No of samples = 108
4 10 90
5 12 48
6 16 16
Mean() = = 7
7 14 0
8 10 10
9 8 32 Sample Standard deviation =
10 17 153
11 5 80
12 4 100
13 1 36
108 768

=
Population Standard deviation

In many cases, it is not possible to sample every member within a

population so the first is commonly used
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc
 Task 3
Calculate the mean, range and standard deviation of the distribution in the table below

Variable Frequency

2 1

3 1

4 4

5 2

6 1

7 2

8 1

9 1

10 1

11 1

12 2