CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO OPERETING SYSTEM

Computer:
Computer is an electronic device that
accept data as an inputs, processes that
data it according to a given instructions
then produce the results as an output,
typically in binary form. Binary digit system
is a machine language (comp language).
 computer
• Computer is a useful tool for solving a great
variety of problems.
• Computer is a common operating machine
particular used for technical education and
research.
• There are three types of programming language
• Machine language
• Assemble language
• High level language
 Machine language
• Machine Language
• -it was the first in the evolution of computer
programming language
• It is only language the computers can
understand directly
• -it is machine dependent it means that a
particular machine language can be used on
only one type of computer.
 Machine language
• Architecture dependent (ex. CISC, RISC)
•
• CISC Intel company
• RISC Microsoft Company
• Program written for Intel computer does not work for a
computers manufactured by Microsoft computers
• That means it is machine dependent
• Ex. 11110000 11110000
• In Intel (+) may be MS computer (-) may be
• -it uses binary numbers/digits
• a combination of 0’s and 1’s
 Machine language
• ex. Machine language code might look like this:
• 000000101111001010
• 000000101111110010
• 000000110011101010

• Assemble language
• -it is a programming language which uses mnemonics (free defined
words)/symbols to a write a program.
• EX. ADD, SUB, MUL…
• ADD A,B (a=5)
• SUB A,B (b=4)
• MUL A,B (c=9) or a+b
 Assemble language
• -the computer cannot understand the assembly
language or mnemonics
• -we have to use a translator’s call assembler to
convert mnemonics or assembly language into
equivalent machine language.
• -it is a machine dependent refer the meaning from
the sentence under machine language
• -it means that a particular assemble language can
be used on only one types of computer
• Architecture dependent (ex. CISC, RISC)
 Assemble language
Program written for MS computer does not work for a computers
manufactured by Intel company computers
That means it is machine dependent
EX. Assembly language program that adds overpay to base pay and
stores the result in gross pay is:

LOAD BASE PAY

ADD OVER PAY

STORE GROSS PAY

 High level language

• High level language

• -it is a computer language which can be understood by its
user.
• -it is not machine dependent this means it can be used on
different machine with little modifications.
• -it easier to learn and understand because it
resembles/look like English
• -Require less time to write and easier to debug errors.
• Some examples of high level programming languages are:
• C, c++, java, pythons….
 High level language

• Adv.
• -easy to write a program by high level programming language
• -use English words and symbols that are easy to understand
• -program code can be reused (not machine dependent)
• Dis ad.
• -easy to still program code(not machine dependent)
• -it needs to be converted to machine language
• - to convert this high level language in to machine language we
have to use compiler or interpreter
• - compiler or interpreter is a software that is used to convert
this high level language into a machine language.
 LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS

• LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
• -software program that translate a program written
in high level language or assemble language to
machine program are called translators.
• -the only language the computers understand is a
machine language
• Therefore any program written in assembly
language or high level language must be translated
to machine code so that the computer can process
it.
 Computer components

• Computer components
• -hardware
• -software
• HARDWARE: is a physical part of a computer system which you can see or touch.
• Input Devices- input device is any hardware parts that allow a user to enter data
or instructions in to a computer.
• Output Devices- any hardware parts used to send data from a computer to
another device.
• Storage device- storage device is any hardware parts which used to stores data
temporarily or permanently.
• Process Devices- is a brain of computer it’s responsible for all functions and
processes. CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
• S0OFTWARE: - is programs that run a computer system which you can’t touch
only see.
 S0OFTWARE
• Software works with hardware.
• Software is two types
• Application software
• System software
• APPLICATON SOFTWARE:
• A set of program written for a special area of the application
• EX. Word processor----for making document
• Dbms----for creating database
• Ms-exel-----for calculation
• SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
• -system software is the collection of programs that are designed to operate, control &
manage all activity of a computer.
• -this software is responsible for operating the system and manages every operation of the
computer. System software is called operating system.
• Without system software computer cannot function.
•
 operating system
• What is operating system?
• An operating system is the most important software that runs
on a computer.
• It manages the computer’s memory, processes and all of its
software and hardware.
• Operating system is the soul of computer, it makes
communication between every part of computer. It helps
computer to understand all connected parts in a computer. All
application and utility software cannot be run without an
operating system in a computer. It recognizes input from the
keyboard and mouse & input devices, it sends output to the
monitor and other output devices.
 operating system
• The basic software that allows the computer to
move information from one place to another
and communicate with peripheral devices in
orderly way. Computer or any devices not
working without operating system
• Operating system is interface between user and
computer hardware or other devices.
•
•
 Computer system connect with other device

•
• Computer system
• camera

• keyboard

• mouse
• printer
• Mobile
 Computer system

• Computer system
• -a computer system can be divided into four components
• -the hardware
• -the operating system
• -the application program
• -the user
• Hardware-such as CPU, memory & I/O device
• Operating system-provides the means of proper use of the
hardware in the operation of the computer system
• App. Software-solve the computing problems of the user such as
compiler, DBMS, web browser,
• User- peoples, machine or other computer
 Dependence:

• Dependence:
• System software can run independently of the
application software.
• But application software cannot run without the
presence of the operating system
•
• -a computer may be able to use several
different operating system
• ………though usually only one at a time
 64bit SYSTEM and 32bit SYSTEM

• 64bit SYSTEM and 32bit SYSTEM

• 64 Bit System
• -have a more lanes for a data paths
• -can address more memory
• -can move more bits with a single instruction
• 32 Bit System
• -use fewer resources
• -may be good for smaller tablets
• 32bit CPU are rare now a days in pc world
• Even smartphones today are likely to be 64bit (iPhone 5 was the first
in 2013)
•
 Rules of Road

• Rules of Road
• 32 bit CPU can run 32 bit OS, but not 64 bit OS.
• 64 bit CPU can run 64 or 32 bit OS.
• 64 bit OS require 64 bit device driver
• 32 bit OS require 32 bit device driver
• 64 bit OS can run 64 or 32 bit application software
• 32 bit OS can run only 32 bit application software
• 64 bit APP. Require 64 bit OS.
•
 The operating system job’s
• The operating system job’s
• We’ve probably heard the phrase “boot your computer” but
do you know what that means? Booting is the process that
occurs when you press the power button to turn your
computer on during this process(which may take a minutes)
• The computer does several things.
• -it runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly
• -it check for new hardware
• -it then the starts up the operating system
• > once the operating system has started up. It manages all
of the software and hardware on a computer.
 The operating system job’s

• >most of the time there are many different programs running at the
same time, and they all need to access your computer’s CPU,
memory and storage.
• The Three common operating system for personal computers are:-
• -Microsoft window (MS- company)
• -Mac OS (Apple company)
• -Linux ( Linus Torvalds).
•
• The three common operating system for mobile device:-
• Android (75%)------------(goggle product)
• Apple (15-25%) ------------(Apple company)
• Windows phone(2%)---------------(MS- corporation)
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Single user and single tasking
• Multi user and multitasking
• Real time operating system
• Distributed operating system
Single user & single tasking
• In this OS only one user can do work at a time & user can do work
at a time & use can do only single work at a time
• It is oldest type of operating system
• In old type of devices like old mobile phones it was available a
printer also has this type of operating system in modern
technology
 Multi user & Multitasking

• …
Multi user & Multitasking
In this operating system two or more user can work together at the same
time.
This OS permit thousands of concurrent users, this OS provide platform to
perform multiple task at sometime
-these are used in large scale organizations for centralized computing.
Ex. UNIX
Main frame OS
Real time operating system
-RTOS are used to control machinery scientific instruments, and industrial
system. There is typically very little user interface capability
Response of these OS is real time with in 1 or 2 sec.
Ex. Real time X-RAY inspection.
 USER INTERFACE OF OS

• USER INTERFACE OF OS
• There are three types of interface OS
• CMD line interface
• In this interface instructions are given by certain words &
syntax
• Menu drive interface
• In this interface instruction are given by predefined menu
and options
• Graphical user interface
• In this interface instructions are given by pointing device
and menu.