Biology For CS

Engineers
Course Code: 21CS5BSBCS
CO1 Apply the biological concepts from an engineering perspective.
CO2 Analyze various optimization algorithms.
WHY SHOULD ENGINEERS KNOW BIOLOGY?
• To find solutions to challenges.
• Bird Flight = Airplanes

• Sustainability
• biology has already found sustainable methods.
• Life forms have evolved, co-existed in harmony with their surroundings for
millions of years atleast, or even billions of years.
 WHY SHOULD ENGINEERS KNOW
BIOLOGY?

• Biology is an extensively broad domain with

extensive on-hand information about various
kinds of organisms.
• This information needs to be curated, analyzed
and stored sequentially.
• DNA stretch of an organism X that needs to be
analyzed.
• The (Computer Science and Biology) are
expected to create computational infrastructure
for the storage of the biological datasets,
develop computational algorithms, and
mathematical models for the interpretation
datasets, and design applications in
biotechnology, pharmaceutical, medical and IT
sectors.
UNIT I

• Introduction to the cell biology – Cell size and

shape - Chemical composition - Classification of
cell and its properties; Cell membrane- Nucleus

• Basics of Genetics Inheritance Pattern, Principals

of genetics, Human genetics disorders,
Biomolecules
 • UNIT II – Genetic Engineering
-Fine structure of Gene, Gene expression -Transcription,

UNIT II
Translation, Post translation processing of the protein, Genetic
engineering- Recombinant DNA technology, Genetically modified
organisms, Application of genetic engineering, genetic algorithm
and its variant
UNIT III • UNIT III– Evolutionary Algorithms
Learning from Biology, Natural way for optimization,
Dissecting an Evolutionary algorithm- Fitness function,
Selection, Mutation and Replacement
UNIT IV

• Bio-inspired Algorithms: Introduction, Particle

Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony
Optimization (ACO)
UNIT V

• UNIT V – Bioinformatics
Components of Bioinformatics, Objectives of
Bioinformatics, some important tools of
Bioinformatics, Types of Data that are analyzed in
Bioinformatics research, Data integration and
analyses, Applications and research
Implementation of Bio-Nano Science
Nano Biomolecules and its various types; Principles
and Application of Biosensor
History
Robert Hooke (1665): He is often
credited with discovering cells when he Rudolf Virchow (1855): A German
observed and described cells in cork Matthias Schleiden (1838): A German physician and pathologist, he
using a primitive microscope. He coined botanist, he proposed that all plants are emphasized the principle that all cells
the term "cell" to describe the small, box- composed of cells, laying the foundation arise from pre-existing cells, contributing
like structures he saw. for the plant aspect of cell theory. the concept of cell division to cell theory.

1670s 1839

1665 1838 1855

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1670s): He Theodor Schwann (1839): A German

improved the microscope and made physiologist, he extended cell theory to
detailed observations of microorganisms, include animals, stating that all animals
further supporting the idea of cellular life. are composed of cells. He also proposed
that cells are the basic functional units of
life.
CELL BIOLOGY
• A cell can be defined as the “structural and functional unit of
life”. Cell biology is the study of the cell. It is also known as
cytology.
• Cell theory. According to this theory all the organisms i.e.
plants and animals are made up of cells. The cell theory may
be summarized as
(a) Cells of organisms are differentiated into distinct cell
types.
(b) A cell is a feature of all organisms with the exception
of viruses.
(c) The protoplasm is the living content of the cell and
determines the activity of the cell and thus the whole
organism.
(d) New cells originate from preexisting
Cell can be cultured to produce more cells, in vitro = outside
organism or cell and in vivo =inside organism or cell.
Cell Size and Shape

There seems no generalization in

size, shape and structure of the
cell.

The cell size broadly ranges from

0.2 µm to 2 mm.

Cells range in size from small

bacteria to large, unfertilized eggs
laid by birds and dinosaurs.
Chemical Composition of a • All living things on earth are
composed of fundamental
Cell. building blocks of matter
called elements.
• Each element is composed of
one particular kind of atom.
An atom is the smallest part
of an element that can enter
into combinations with
atoms of other elements.
• At the molecular level all the
different types of cells in
living organisms are
composed of certain
chemical substances.
Chemical Composition of a
Cell. • Some of the biomolecules
are small and simple and can
be described as
micromolecules.
• Others are very large,
arranged in complex
aggregates that are unique
to the living system. They are
called macromolecules.
• A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
• A compound is a substance which is formed by two or more different types of elements which are
united chemically in a fixed proportion.
• All molecules are not compounds.
• All compounds are molecules.
• Molecule Examples- H2O, O2 , O3
• Compound Examples-NaCl, H2O
• The atoms in molecules may be joined to one another by various linkages called bonds.

• Bonds- Ionic bond, covalent bond

• Ionic bond- Bond is formed when electrons of one atom transfer to a second atom.

• Covalent bond- bond is formed when two or more atoms share one or more electrons with one
another.
Molecules

• A molecule is a precise
arrangement of atoms, and a
compound is a collection of
molecules. A molecule may
be composed of two or more
atoms of the same element,
as in oxygen gas, O2, or it
may be composed of atoms
from different elements.
Organic Compounds
• The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because
of their association with organisms.
• Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the
ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1.
• Lipids
• Lipids are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is much higher in lipids
than in carbohydrates.
• Proteins
• Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Certain
amino acids also have sulfur atoms, phosphorous, or other trace elements
such as iron or copper.
• Every species manufactures proteins unique to that species. The information
for synthesizing the unique proteins is located in the nucleus of the cell. The
so-called genetic code specifies the amino acid sequence in proteins.
• Nucleic acid
• molecules. The nucleic acids are composed of smaller units called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains a carbohydrate molecule, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogen-containing molecule that because of its properties is a nitrogenous
base
Classification of Cells

• Prokaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells are primitive type of
cells. These cells lacks true nucleus
and other cell organelle like
mitochondria, chloroplasts,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex,
etc.
• Eukaryotic cells
• All eukaryotic cells have a region
called the cytoplasm that occurs
inside the plasma membrane or
the outer boundary of the cell.
Eukaryotic cells
Properties of Cells

• Cells are complex and highly organized.

• Cells contain a genetic blueprint and machinery to use it.
• Cells arise from the division of other cells.
• Cells aquire and utilize energy
• Cells can perform a variety of chemical reactions
• Cells can engage in mechanical activities.
• Cells can regulate activities
• Cells all contain the following structures:
 Cell Membrane
Models
• Sandwich Model of
Plasma Membrane.
• Denielli and Davson have
proposed that in the plasma
membrane a double layer
lipid molecule is sandwiched
between the two different
layers of protein molecules.
Cell Membrane
Models
• Unit Membrane Model of Plasma Membrane.
• Robertson in the year 1953 proposed the
unit membrane model consisting of
three layers of the plasma membrane and
it is complimentary to the sandwich
model.
• Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane
• S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson (1972)
proposed this model, According to this
model there is a double layer of lipid
molecules with globular protein
molecules and sterols which are
arranged differently in different parts of
the Plasma Membrane.