NETWORK DESIGN

KABUL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

C O M P U T E R S C I E N C E D E PA RT M E N T
LECTURER: OMID HUMRAZ

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Outlines to be discussed……… Today
Designing Remote Connectivity

Introduction
WAN Technologies Overview
Selecting a WAN Technology
Summary

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Class Policy
A student must reach the class-room in time. Late comers may join the class but are not entitled
to be marked present.
Attendance shall be marked at the start of the class and students failing to secure 75%
attendance will not be allowed to sit in final exam.
The assignment submission deadline must be observed. In case of late submission, ten percent
may be deducted from each day.
Those who are absent on the announcement date of the assignment/test. Must get the
topic/chapter of test/assignment confirmed through their peers.
Mobile phones must be switched-off in the class-rooms.

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Grading Evaluation for Network
Security
Internal Evaluation
Midterm Exam 20%
Attendance
Assignment/Presentations 10
Quizzes/Tests

Total Internal Evaluation 30%

Final-term Examination
Final-term Exam 70%
Total Marks 100%

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Why Choose a WAN?
Operates beyond the
geographic scope of a LAN
Used to interconnect the
enterprise LAN to remote
LANs in branch sites and
telecommuter sites
Owned by a service
provider
Organization must pay a
fee to use the provider’s
services to connect sites
Are WANs Necessary?
 Businesses require communication among geographically separated sites.
Examples include:
Regional or branch offices must be able to communicate and share data.
Organizations must share information with other customer organizations.
Mobile workers must access information that resides on corporate networks.

 Home computer users must send and receive data across increasingly larger
distances. Examples include:
Consumers communicate over the Internet with banks, stores, and a variety of providers
of goods and services.
Students do research by accessing library indexes and publications located in other parts
of the country and in other parts of the world.
 Small Office
SPAN Engineering – Environmental Consulting Firm
Been in business for four years, has grown to include 15 employees: six engineers,
four computer-aided drawing (CAD) designers, a receptionist, two senior partners,
and two office assistants
Uses a single LAN to share information between computers, and to share peripherals,
such as a printer, a large-scale plotter, and fax equipment
Upgraded LAN to provide inexpensive VoIP service to save on the costs of separate
phone lines for their employees
Connection to the Internet is through a common broadband service called DSL
Uses a hosting service rather than purchasing and operating its own FTP and
email servers
Campus Network
SPAN Engineering – Environmental Consulting Firm
Five years later has grown rapidly.
Contracted to design and implement a full-sized waste conversion facility.
Won other projects in neighboring municipalities and in other parts of the country.
Hired more staff and leased more office space with several hundred employees,
organized itself into functional departments.
Network now consists of several subnetworks, each devoted to a different
department.
Multiple LANs are joined to create a company-wide network or campus, which spans
several floors of the building.
Small Office – Campus Network
 Branch Networks
 Another six years later, SPAN Engineering demand for its services has
skyrocketed.
 To manage those projects, the company has opened small branch offices
closer to the project sites.
 SPAN Engineering now has a data center, which houses the various
databases and servers of the company. They must now implement a
WAN.
 For its branch offices that are in nearby cities, the company decides to use
private dedicated lines through their local service provider.
 For those offices that are located in other countries, the Internet is an
attractive WAN connection option.
 Although connecting offices through the Internet is economical, it
introduces security and privacy issues that the IT team must address.
Branch Networks (cont.)
 Distributed Networks
 SPAN Engineering has now been in business for 20 years and has grown
to thousands of employees distributed in offices worldwide.
 Cost of the network and its related services is a big expense.
 Looking to provide the best network services at the lowest cost.
 Encouraging teleworking and virtual teams, web-based applications are
being used to increase productivity and reduce costs.
 Site-to-site and remote access Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) enable
the company to use the Internet to connect easily and securely with
employees and facilities around the world.
 Distributed Networks (cont.)
 Network requirements can change dramatically as the company grows.
 Distributing employees saves costs in many ways, but it puts increased
demands on the network.
 Network must be able to adapt and grow as the company changes.
 Network designers and administrators meet these challenges by carefully
choosing network technologies, protocols, and service providers, and by
optimizing their networks.
Distributed Networks (cont.)
WANs in the OSI Model
WAN access standards
typically describe both
physical layer delivery
methods and data link layer
requirements, including
physical addressing, flow
control, and encapsulation.
WAN Devices
Circuit Switching
 The two most common types of
circuit-switched WAN technologies
are the public switched telephone
network (PSTN) and the Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN).
Packet Switching
 Splits traffic data into packets that are routed over a shared network.
Packet-switching allow many pairs of nodes to communicate over the
same channel.
WAN Link Connection Options
Service-Provided Network Infrastructure
Leased Lines
 Advantages:
 Simplicity
 Quality
 Availability

 Disadvantages:
 Cost
 Limited flexibility
Dialup
 Advantages:
 Simplicity
 Availability
 Low implementation cost

 Disadvantages:
 Low data rates (less than 56 kb/s)
 Relatively long connection time
 ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISDN is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data,
and other network services over the digitalised circuits of the public switched telephone network.[1]

Sample ISDN Topology

 Frame Relay
 PVCs carry both voice and data traffic.
 PVCs are uniquely identified by a data-link
connection identifier (DLCI).
 PVCs and DLCIs ensure bidirectional
communication from one DTE device to another.
 R1 uses DLCI 102 to reach R2 while R2 uses DLCI
201 to reach R1.
 ATM
 ATM: is capable of transferring voice,
video, and data through private and
public network.
 Built on a cell-based architecture,
rather than on a frame-based
architecture. ATM cells are always a
fixed length of 53 bytes.
 Each cell has 5 bytes ATM header
followed by 48 bytes of ATM payload.
Small size cells are well-suited for
carrying voice and video traffic
because traffic is intolerant of delay.
Frame realy vs. ATM
The main difference between asynchronous transmission mode and frame relay is that ATM
provides error correction, management and packet flow management. Frame relay does not
perform any of those tasks.
Frame relay and ATM also have different data rates. Frame relay circuits have a data rate of
between 64 Kbps and 45 Mbps. ATM has a data rate of between 155 and 622 Mbps, depending
on the media being used.
ATM has a quantifiable quality of service, whereas frame relay does not. Frame relay is generally
less expensive than ATM.

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Ethernet WAN
Ethernet WAN is a service delivered by network and telecom providers that bring a high-speed
connectivity between sites utilizing a standardized Ethernet connection.
It is brings a similar result that a more traditional T1 or TDM based solution have provided in
the past but does it with a faster and higher bandwidth capacity. Which enables customers to
enable high bandwidth applications like video applications or large file transmissions.
Ethernet originally developed to be a LAN access technology. maximum cable length was up to
a kilometer.
Newer Ethernet standard using fiber optic cable have made Ethernet a reasonable WAN access
option.
 Ethernet WAN
 Features and Benefits of Ethernet
WAN include:
 Reduced expenses and administration
 Easy integration with existing
networks
 Enhanced business productivity
 Service providers now offer Ethernet
WAN service using fiber-optic cabling.
 Known as Metropolitan Ethernet
(MetroE), Ethernet over MPLS
(EoMPLS), and Virtual Private LAN
Service (VPLS). Note: Commonly used to replace the
traditional Frame Relay and ATM WAN
links.
 MPLS
 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
is a multiprotocol high-performance
WAN technology that directs data
from one router to the next, based on
short path labels rather than IP
network addresses.
 VSAT
 Very small aperture
terminal (VSAT) - a
solution that creates a
private WAN using
satellite
communications.
DSL
 Always-on connection
technology that uses
existing twisted-pair
telephone lines to
transport high-
bandwidth data, and
provides IP services to
subscribers.
 A DSL modem converts
an Ethernet signal
from the user device to
a DSL signal, which is
transmitted to the
central office.
Cable
 Network access is
available from some
cable television
networks.
 Cable modems
provide an always-
on connection and a
simple installation.
 Wireless
New developments in broadband
wireless technology:
 Municipal Wi-Fi – Many cities have
begun setting up municipal
wireless
 WiMAX – Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave
Access (WiMAX) is a new
technology that is just beginning to
come into use.
 Satellite Internet - use VSAT
antenna, it is 10 times faster than
analog modem.
 3G/4G Cellular
 Common cellular industry terms include:
 3G/4G Wireless – Abbreviation for
3rd generation and 4th generation
cellular access. These technologies
support wireless Internet access.
 Long-Term Evolution (LTE) – A
newer and faster technology,
considered to be part of the 4th
generation (4G) technology.
 VPN Technology
 VPN is an encrypted connection between private
networks over a public network.
 Benefits:
 Cost savings
 Security
 Scalability
 Compatibility with broadband technology
 Two types of VPN:
 Site-to-site VPNs
 Remote-access VPNs
Choosing a WAN Link Connection
 Answer the following questions when choosing a WAN Connection:
 What is the purpose of the WAN?
 What is the geographic scope?
 What are the traffic requirements?
Choosing a WAN Link Connection
 END

Thanks for
hearing…………………….

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