MATRICES

𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑎13
𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32
𝑎 33

Introduction of Matrices
 Index Matrices 2

S. No. Topic Page No.

1 Definition of Matrices 3-4

2 Notation of Matrices 5

3 Order of Matrices 6

4 Types of Matrices 7-11

5 Trace of Matrices 12

6 Equality of Two Matrices 13

7 MCQ‟s for Exercise 14-15

8 Answer Key 16
 Definition of Matrix Matrices 3

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. In other words, a set of „m,‟ „n‟

numbers arranged in the form of rectangular array of m rows and n column is
called m×n matrix read as „m‟ by „n‟ matrix.

Horizontal
lines
a11 a12 a13 … … … .
.a22 a23 … … … . . m×n
A = aa21 a32
Vertical
31 a33 … … … . . lines

We can understand matrix by the fig. shown above, which shows a mess of
vertical and horizontal lines. The crossing points of vertical and horizontal
lines are the position of elements of matrix. In above fig there are 9 crossing
points which can be find out by multiplying no. of horizontal and vertical
lines i.e. 3 × 3 = 9.
 Matrices 4

The numbers a11, a12 ……..etc are called elements of the matrix A. „m‟ is the
numbers of rows and „n‟ is number of column.

2 3 4
e.g. A= 5 4 6 3×3
2 4 3
 Notation of Matrices Matrices 5

• Matrices are denoted by capital letters A, B, C or X , Y , Z etc.

• Its elements are denoted by small letters a, b, c ….. etc.
• The elements of the matrix are enclosed by any of the brackets
i.e.
, , .
• The position of the elements of a Matrix is indicated by the subscripts
attached to the element. e.g. 𝑎13 indicates that element „a‟ lies in first row
and third column i.e. first subscript denotes row and second subscript
denote column.

Element Indicate Row

Indicate Column

𝑎1 3
 Order of Matrices Matrices 6

• The number of rows and columns of a matrix determines the order of the
matrix.
• Hence , a matrix , having m rows and n columns is said to be of the order
m × n ( read as „m‟ by „n‟).
• In particular, a matrix having 3 rows and 4 columns is of the order 3 × 4
and it is called a 3 × 4 matrix e.g.

2 3 5
 A= is a matrix of order 2 × 3 since there are two rows and three
4 6 7
columns.

A = 5 7 is a matrix of order 1 × 3 since there are one row and three

columns.
3

5
A = is a matrix of order 3 × 1 since there are three rows and one
8
6
column.
 Types of Matrices Matrices 7

Rectangular Square Diagonal Scalar

Matrix Matrix Matrix
Matrix

Column Row Null Unit

Matrix Matrix Matrix
Matrix

Upper Lower
Triangular Triangular Sub
Matrix Matri Matrix
x
 Matrices 8

 Rectangular Matrix : A matrix in which the number of rows

and
columns are not equal is called a rectangular matrix e.g. ,
4
2 5
A= 4 6 7 2 × 3 is rectangular matrix of order 2×3

Square Matrix : A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to

the number of columns is called a square matrix e.g.

Principal Diagonal
2 3 4
𝐴= 3 2 5
7 8 5

Note : The elements 2, 2 , 5 in the above matrix are called diagonal elements and the line along
which they lie is called the principal diagonal
 Matrices 9

Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix in which all diagonal elements are

non- zero and all non-diagonal elements are zeros is called a diagonal
matrix e.g.

20 0
2 0 is a diagonal matrix of 3
𝐴= 0
×3 0 0 5

 Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which diagonal elements are equal

(but not equal to 1), is called a scalar matrix e.g.

20 0
2 0 is a scalar matrix of 3
𝐴= 0
×3 0 0 2

Identity (or Unit) Matrix : A square matrix whose each diagonal

element is unity and all other elements are zero is called and Identity (or
Unit) Matrix. An Identity matrix of order 3 is denoted by I3 or simply by I.
 Matrices 10

e.g.
1 0 0
I3 = 0 1 0 is a unit matrix of order 3
0 0 1

Null (Zero) Matrix : A matrix of any order (rectangular or square) whose

each of its element is zero is called a null matrix (or a Zero matrix) and is
denoted by O. e.g.

0 0
0 0
O = 0 0 and O = 0 0 are null matrices of order 2 × 2 and 2 × 3
0 0
respectively.

Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row and any number of
columns is called a row matrix (or a row vector) e.g.

𝐴= 1 2 3 is a row matrix
of order 1 × 3
 Matrices 11

 Column Matrix : A matrix having only one column and any number
of
rows is called a column matrix (or a column vector) e.g.
1
A = 3 is a column matrix or order 3 × 1 6
Upper Triangular and Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix is
called an upper triangular matrix if all the elements below the principal
diagonal are zero and it is said to be lower triangular matrix if all the
elements above the principal diagonal are zero e.g.
UTM 2 3 4 LTM 5 0 0
𝐴= 0 1 5 , 𝐵= 8 7 0
0 0 7 4 3 1
Sub Matrix : A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or column or
both
of a given
2 matrix
3 4is called its sub matrix. e.g.
𝐴 = 5 1 5 , Now
2 3
is a sub matrix of given matrix A. The sub
3 9
3 9 7
matrix obtained by deleting 2nd row and 3rd column of matrix A.
 Trace of Matrix Matrices 12

The sum of all the elements on the principal diagonal of a square matrix is
called the trace of the matrix. It is denoted by tr. A .

a11 a12 a13

a 22 then
If A= a 21
a 23
a 31 a 32
a 33
trace of A = tr.A = 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33

2 3 4
e.g. A = 5 1 5 , then
3 9 7

trace of A = tr. A =2+1+7=10

 Equality of Two Matrices Matrices 13

Two matrices „A‟ and „B‟ are said to be equal if only if they are of the same
order and each element of „A‟ is equal to the corresponding element of „B.‟
Given
a11 a12 a13……..
b11 b12 b13………
a 22 x×y
A= a 21 a23…….. m×n and B = b21
a 31 a 32 b22
a33……..
The above two matrices will be equal if and onlybif
b23……… 31
 No. of rows and column of A and B are equal i.e. m=x and n=y.
b32 b33………
 Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B i.e.
a11 =b11 , a12 = b12, a13 = b13 ……… and so on

𝑏 4
Let 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑎 and 𝐵 = 3 , according to the condition of equality of
𝑑 5 6
matrices both matrices have same order i.e. 2 × 2 but the 2nd
necessary condition is a=3, b=4, c=5 , d= 6
 MCQ’s for Excercise Matrices 14
1. If in a given matrix the rows are 2 and the column are 3 then maximum no. of elements in this
matrix are
A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10

2. Element a32 is belongs to which row and column in a given matrix A

A) 2nd row, 3rd column
B) 3rd row , 2nd column
C) can’t decide
D) None of the above
2 4 5 5 7
3. What is the order of given matrix 7 5 7 8 1
9 0 3 2 4
A) 3 × 5 B) 5 × 3 C) 3 × 3
D) 5 × 5
4. A matrix which do not have equal no. of rows and columns called
A) Square Matrix B) Triangular Matrix C) Scalar Matrix D) Rectangular Matrix

5. A matrix in which the rows and columns are equal in no. is called
A) Square Matrix B) Triangular Matrix C) Scalar Matrix D) Rectangular Matrix

6. In a Diagonal matrix all the elements on the principal diagonal can’t be equal to
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
 Matrices 15
7. In a scalar matrix all the diagonal elements are
A) Equal to one B) Equal but greater than one C) Not equal D) None of the above

8. In a Unit matrix
A) All element are zero B) All elements are one C) Diagonal elements zero rest are
one D) Diagonal elements are one rest are zero

9. In a given matrix all elements below principal diagonal are zero , the matrix is
A) Upper triangular matrix B) Lower triangular matrix C) Diagonal Matrix D) Scalar Matrix

10. In a given matrix all elements above principal diagonal are zero , the matrix is
A) Upper triangular matrix B) Lower triangular matrix C) Diagonal Matrix D) Scalar Matrix

a11 a12 a13

a 22 a 23 then tr. A will be
11. Given A = aa 21 a 32 a 33
31
A) 𝑎11 + 𝑎12 + 𝑎13 B) 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 C) 𝑎31 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎13 D) 𝑎21 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎23

12. Which one is true about the necessary condition for equality of two matrices
A) Order of two matrices are same
B) Corresponding elements of the two matrices are same
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
 Matrices 16

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