ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY &

MANAGEMENT

DOORS, WINDOWS AND

GLAZING
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DOOR
 A door may be defined as an open able barrier secured in a wall
opening.
 A door is provided to give access to the inside of a room of a
building. It serves as a connecting link between the various
internal portions of a building.
 The number of the door should be kept minimum
 It should not be located in the center of the wall but rather
preferably be located near the corner of a room- nearly 20cm
away from the corner.
 If there are two doors in a room, the doors should preferably
located in opposite walls, facing each other. 2
TECHNICAL TERMS OF DOORS AND
WINDOWS
 Frame
This consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members
which are placed along the top and the bottom sided of an opening so
as to from an enclosure and a support for a door or a window
 Head
This is the top horizontal member of the frame
 Horns
These are the horizontal projections of the top and bottom members of
the frame which are embedded into the side wall for about 15cm for
fixing the frame
 Hold fasts
These are mild steel flat bars of section 30mm x 6mm of length
20cm,which are used to hold the frame in position these flat steel bars
are bent at right angles to the face of the wall
 Rebate 3

This is an cut or recess made inside a frame work all round on one
side into which the door shutters are received by means of hinges
TECHNICAL TERMS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS

 Panel
It is the area of the shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
 Reveal
This is an external jamb of a door, window opening which is at right angles to
the face of the wall
 Style
These are vertical outside members of a shutter
 Sill
This is the horizontal bottom member of the frame which may or may not be
provided
 Mullion
This is a vertical member which is employed to subdivide window or a door
and it runs through the shutter or opening vertically
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 sash
This is a special type of frame which is made of lighter section and is designed
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Materials for doors
Wooden Doors
 Solid core doors are used as exterior doors

 Hollow-core doors are used for only interior applications.

 Wooden doors can take a good polish and can be given different
types of moulding to produce an attractive appearance.
 Unless properly seasoned, wooden doors are easily attacked by
vermin especially when in contact with walls built off.

Glazed Doors
 Glass is used in panels of doors to admit light. Coloured glass,
frosted glass and beaded glass can be used for ornamental
appearance.
 Steel framed door with a single, two or three glass panels are
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mainly used in external doors for residential buildings and could
also be used as internal doors in offices.
Plywood Doors
 The various types and quality products of plywood brought the use of ply
wood skins over wooden frame works to the widespread use of the flush
doors. Such doors are mainly used for internals.

Plastics Doors
 Flush doors covered in high pressure melamine laminates are manufactured
to fit in specific openings. The plastic laminate is applied to both faces of
the door and comes in wide variety of-colours and in many wood-grain
patterns. The surface may have a matte finish or a bright finish for easy
cleaning. It offer good resistance to impact and abrasion and usually do
not need refinishing for the life of the building.

Metal Doors
 Steel and aluminium doors are most popularly used as metal doors.
Aluminium has a shiny colour, has light weight and provides attractive
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appearance and costs more than steel doors. Steel doors are used practically
for any type of door opening. Steel frames are produced in various depth
and width to fit most wall conditions.
SIZE OF DOORS
 Sizes of Doors: it is a common practice the height of a door should not be less than
1.8m to 2m. The width of a door should be such that two persons can pass through it
walking shoulder to shoulder.

Doors for residential building:

 External door… (1.0m x 2m) to (1.1m to 2m)

 Internal door … (0.9m x 2m) to (1m x2m)

 Doors for bathrooms and water closets… (0.7m x 2m) to (0.8m x 2m)

 Public buildings, such as schools, hospitals, libraries etc:

 1.2m x2m
 1.2m x 2.1m
 1.2m x 2.25m

Doors commonly used in buildings are classified into the following types, depending
upon:
 Type of material used

 Arrangement of different components of the door

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 Method of construction

 Nature of working operation

TYPES OF DOORS
 Glazed or Sash Doors
 Flush- Doors
 Framed and Paneled Doors.
 Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Doors
 Battened, Ledged and Framed Doors
 Battened Ledged and Braced Doors
 Battened and Ledged Door
 Louvered door.
 Revolving door.
 Collapsible door.
 Sliding door.
 Rolling steel door.
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BATTENED AND LEDGED DOOR
 Simplest type of door
 Specially suitable for narrow openings
 The door is formed of vertical bonds, known as
battens, which are usually tongued & grooved.
 Thebattens are fixed together by horizontal supports
known as ledges.
 The door is hung to the frame by means of T-hinges.

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BATTENED AND LEDGED DOOR

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BATTENED LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS

 These are improved versions of battened and ledged

doors, i.e. additional inclined (or diagonal)
members called braces are provided.
 Purpose is to give rigidity for wider openings.
 Itis essential that the braces slope upwards from the
handling side since they have to work as struts, to
take the compression.

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BATTENED LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS

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BATTENED, LEDGED AND FRAMED DOORS

 This door is also an improvement form of simple

battened and ledged door, in which frame work for the
shutter is provided in the form of two verticals, known
as styles.
 Styles are generally 100mm wide and 40mm thick.
 Three ledges are provided as usual.
 The total thickness of style is adjusted equal to the
thickness of ledges plus the thickness of battens.

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BATTENED, LEDGED AND FRAMED DOORS

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 BATTENED, LEDGED, BRACED AND FRAMED
DOORS

 This door is the modification over type 3 door described above, with the
provision of additional braces.
 Braces are provided diagonally between the ledges, to increase its
strength, durability and appearance.
 This door consists of battens, two vertical members (styles), three ledges
and two braces.
 The Battens are generally tongued, grooved and V-jointed.

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BATTENED, LEDGED, BRACED AND FRAMED DOORS

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FRAMED AND PANELED DOORS.

 Used almost in all types of buildings because they are

strong and give better appearance than batten doors.
 This door consists of framework of vertical members
(styles) and horizontal members (rails).
 Stylesand rails are grooved along edges the inner
edges of the frame, to receive the panels.
 Panelsare made from timber, plywood, block board,
A.C sheets or even of grasses.

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FRAMED AND PANELED DOORS

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GLAZED OR SASH DOORS:

 Glazed or sash doors are provided where additional

light is required to be admitted to the room through
the door, or where the visibility of the interior of the
room is required from the adjacent room
 Such doors are common in residential as well as
public buildings, like hospitals, schools, colleges etc.
 The door may be fully or partly grazed ,paneled.
 Inthe latter case ratio of glazed portion to paneled
portion is kept 2:1, the bottom one-third height is
paneled and the top two-third height is glazed.
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GLAZED OR SASH DOORS:

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FLUSH- DOORS
 Flushdoor provides a smooth and clean surface and is becoming
popular these days because of their pleasing appearance.
 A framework of timber styles and rails is prepared. Both the
faces of the framework are covered by varieties of plywood and
the edging strips are
 Thistype of door is better strength, greater durability and it is
sound proof to a great extent.
 Used for both residential as well as public buildings.

Flushed doors are of two types:

 Solid core flush door or laminated core flush door
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 Hollow and cellular core flush door.
FLUSH- DOORS

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FLUSH- DOORS

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LOUVERED DOOR.
 The shutter are provided with fixed louvers or movable louvers.
It may extend to full height of the shutter or only in a part of it .
 It allows sufficient amount of ventilation and at the-same time it
maintains privacy.
 The louvers are attached in a series such that the upper back
edge of any louver is above the lower front edge of the next
higher louver.
 In movable louvers a timber piece is provided to which louvers
are attached.
 By raising or lowering the timber piece, the louvers and opened
or closed.
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 Such types of doors are more useful in toilets, dressing rooms.
LOUVERED DOOR

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REVOLVING DOOR
 There is a central supporting shaft and four radiating shutters are attached to
this central shaft. Rubber pads are fixed to the bottom of shutters.
 The door opening may be closed by folding the radiating shutters. They may
be used in hospitals,

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REVOLVING DOOR

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COLLAPSIBLE DOOR
 The door is fabricated from thin mild steel sections.
 It consists of vertically placed double channels each 16 mm to 20
mm in width at a spacing of 100 mm to 120 mm,
 These channels are braced with 16 to 20 mm wide mild steel flats
which permit the door to open or fold.
 The whole assembly is mounted on two rails in the form of T-
sections fixed on the floor and lintel respectively by anchor bolts.
 The door shutter can slide over the rollers mounted at its lower
end and is held in position by the T -sections.
 Two handles are provided to operate the door.
 They are commonly used in shops, go downs, schools,
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workshops, public building, etc
COLLAPSIBLE DOOR

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SLIDING DOOR
 The shutter slides on the sides with the aid of runners and
guide.
 The shutter may have one or more leaves and may be
arranged to slide on one side or both sides.
 Cavities are provided in the wall to receive the door shutters
in open position.
 This type of door does not obstruct the movement of users.
 This is commonly used for shops, show-room, go down.

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SLIDING DOOR

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ROLLING STEEL DOOR.
 These are commonly used for show rooms, shops, stores
etc.
 The door has interlocked steel slabs coiled upon a drum
at the top of the opening.
 The door shutter moves up and down in steel guides
mounted at the sides of the door opening.
 The weight of the door is counter-balanced by. helical
spring provided in the drum and a steel cover is provided
to protect the drum from weathering actions.
 To lift the shutter or shut down the door shutter, a
reduction gear with endless chain and crank is used.
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 In this way operation of the door becomes easy
ROLLING STEEL DOOR

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FOLDING DOORS:
 Folding doors may be of wood or metal and are used for large openings.
 They are hung from overhead tracks and may or may not require a floor
track or guides.
 Folding doors can be used as wardrobe doors or as space dividers.

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WINDOWS
 Windows are provided in the building to allow natural light
and fresh air into it. The size of windows is guided by the
total area of window space required.
The location of a window should meet the functional
requirements of a room, such as interior decoration,
arrangement of furniture, fresh air supply, distribution of
daylight, etc,
MATERIALS FOR WINDOW
 Materials used for the construction of windows include wood,
glass, plywood and metals.
 Aluminium and steel framings are mostly used for window making
Bronze, stainless steel and galvanized steel are also used for
specific type of buildings 42
WINDOW FRAMES
 Frame is a group of members assembled and a support for a
door or a window of an opening so as to form an enclosure
and a support for a door or a window shutter.

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TYPES OF WINDOWS
1. Casement window.
2. Sash or glazed window.
3. Double-hung window.
4. Louvered window.
5. Pivoted window.
6. Sliding window.
7. Circular window.
8. Corner window.
9. Gable window .
10. Bay window.
11. Dormer window.
12. Clerestory window.
13. Lantern light
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14. Sky light
15. Metal window
CASEMENT WINDOW
 The simplest type of casement window consists of a
square or rectangular window frame of metal or wood,
with a casement hinged at one side to the frame to open
out.
 The side-hinged opening part of the window is known as
the casement and it consists of glass surrounded and
supported by metal or timber strips.
 The casement is hinged to open out because as outward
opening casement can more readily be made to exclude
rain and wind than one opening inwards

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CASEMENT WINDOW

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SASH OR GLAZED WINDOW.
 A sash consists of styles, rails, transoms and mullions.
 The glass panes are cut into smaller size than the size of the
panels into which they are to be fitted.
 It is essential to allow slight movement of the sash due to
temperature changes.
 Sash may be rigidly fixed to the frame, hinged at the styles or
it may be sliding horizontally, or vertically, generally, the sash
is hinged to one style and open-is out to keep it water-tight

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SASH OR GLAZED WINDOW.

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LOUVERED WINDOW
 This is also known as Venetian window.
 It is employed when privacy and enough ventilation is required. It may
be fixed or moving type. Its details are similar to that of a louvered
door. It allows sun rays to come inside the room, if desired.

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PIVOTED WINDOW
 In such type of window shutters swing round pivots. It may be
horizontally pivoted or vertically pivoted.
 Such windows are easier to clean and they allow more light to
come inside the room.
 The frame of this type window is similar to that of a casement
window but no rebates are made in the frame

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PIVOTED WINDOW

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SLIDING WINDOW
 It is similar to the sliding doors. The shutters will be slide on
roller bearings, either vertically or horizontally.
 The cavities are provided in the walls to accommodate the
window shutters when it is opened. Such windows are
commonly used in railway trains, buses etc.

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CIRCULAR WINDOW
 It is pivoted window of circular shape and commonly used in
workshops, factories.

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GABLE WINDOW
 It is an ordinary casement window provided in the gable
ends of an inclined roof building

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CORNER WINDOW
 It is constructed in the corner of a building and admits
light and air from two directions

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BAY WINDOW
 It is a window in the building which is projected beyond the walls
of the room.
 It is provided to improve the architectural appearance of the
building. Additional space is obtained to allow light and air in
room

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DORMER WINDOW
 Such types of windows are provided on the inclined roofs of the
buildings.
 They provide air and light to the room constructed within the
space of the roof slopes

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CLERESTORY WINDOW
 This is provided near the main roof.
 It admits light and air into the room when
the front is covered by the veranda roof.
 It is pivoted and the shutter is operated by
a cord or wire moving round a pulley.

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LANTERN LIGHT
 Sometimes the light entering from the win­dows in the walls is
inadequate. In this case, some more windows are provided on the flat
roofs to admit more light into the room. This type of window is known
as lantern, It may be curved, rectangular, or square.
 Generally, Glass panels are used to cover the sides of lantern, Pivoted
shutters may be used when it is desired to admit air and light both

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SKY LIGHT
 This type of window is fixed on the sloping surface of an
inclined roof.
 It is meant to admit light into the room and generally fixed
glass panels to cover it. Reinforced or ribbed glass is
preferred.
 A curb frame is provided with the common rafter to support
the window as illustrated in Fig.

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SKY LIGHT

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METAL WINDOW
 In modern age, this type of window is becoming more popular.
 They are fabricated from light rolled steel sections which forms window
frame.
 The glass pans are fixed into the frame.
 The glazed shutter may be hinged at top, bottom, side or pivoted to rotate
in any direction.
 Double hung type window may be also fabricated with the metal frames.
 The frame is attached to the masonry wall in grooves with cement grout.
 Sometimes the timber frame and sill are used to fix up the steel shutter.
 It looks elegant. Steel windows must be properly painted. Bronze,
aluminium, stainless steel, etc. may be used for the frame besides mild
steel. Hollow metal window is fabricated by annealed steel, bronze,
copper, nickel steel or galvanized steel. It is either casement type or
double hung type. It is more fire resistant though more costly. 65
METAL WINDOW

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TYPES OF WINDOW MOVEMENTS
 Fixed type: The consist of a framework in which the panel or
glass is fixed and the framework cannot move.
 Opening outside: The shutter opens towards the outside of the
building.
 Opening inside: shutter opens towards the inside of the building.
 Top hinged: The shutter is hinged at the top and can be moved
outside or inside.
 Bottom hinged: The shutter is hinged at the bottom and can be
moved inside or outside.
 Pivoted: These window shutters rotate about a pivot which may
be foxed the window frame. The window can then rotate 67
horizontally or vertically depending upon the positions of the
pivot.
TYPES OF WINDOW MOVEMENTS
 Sliding: The shutter can move inside the walls horizontally or
vertically.
 Double hung: One shutter goes up and the other moves down.

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Hinges
 A hinge is a device that permits a door, window, or panel to turn or swing.
Hinges may be exposed, semi concealed or concealed. Exposed hinges
mounted on the face of the door are called surface, strap or butterfly
hinges.

Bolt
 Different types of bolts are used for doors and windows. For instance, a
drop bolt is fixe on external doors where pad locks are to be used and
barrel bolt is used for fixing back faces of doors. In this type, the socket is
fixed to the doorframe while the plate is screwed to the inside of the
shutter.

Handles
 Nowadays, handles are manufactured in a variety of designs and are
abundantly available in the market to suit the specific interest of the user.

Locks
 Different types of locks can be fitted on doors and windows depending on 69

specific requirements.
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THANK
YOU
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