Introduction to EVT

By
Dr. Sura Srinivasa Rao
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
EECE DEPARTMENT
GST,GITAM
VISAKHAPATNAM
 Contents

• Development strategies for future oil supply

• Classification of vehicles
• Conventional IC engines
• Configuration of EV
• Possible EV Configuration
• Performance of EV
• V2G,G2V and V2V Communication
• Renewable based EV charging station
Various Energy resources
 Development Strategies for future oil
supply

• The number of years that the oil resources of the

Earth can support our oil supply completely depends
on the discovery of new oil reserves and cumulative oil
production.

• Historical data show that the new discovery of oil

reserves occurs slowly.

November 14, 2023

November 14, 2023
 • the consumption shows a high
growth rate
• If oil discovery and consumption
follow current trends, the world
oil resource will be
used(completed) by about
2038.
• It is very difficult to discover new
reserves of petroleum under the
Earth.
• The cost of exploring new oil
fields is becoming higher and
higher.
• It is believed that the scenario
of the oil supply will not change
much if the consumption rate
cannot be significantly reduced.
November 14, 2023
 Development Strategies for future oil
supply
• Fuel cell vehicles should not rely on oil products
because of the difficulty of future oil supply 45
years later.
• The best development strategy of next-generation
transportation would be to commercialize hybrid
electric vehicles immediately and, at the same
time, do the best to commercialize nonpetroleum
fuel cell vehicles as soon as possible

November 14, 2023

Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
• All-electric vehicles, also referred to as battery electric vehicles (BEVs),
have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine.
• The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric
motor and must be plugged in to a wall outlet or charging equipment,
also called electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE).
• Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a
tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such
as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.
 Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
• 1.Traction battery pack
• Traction battery pack is also known as Electric
vehicle battery (EVB) .
• It powers the electric motors of an electric
vehicle.
• The battery acts as an electrical storage system.
• It stores energy in the form DC current. The range
will be higher with increasing kW of the battery.
• The life and operation of the battery depends on
its design.
• The lifetime of a traction battery pack is
estimated to be 200,000 miles.
 Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
• 2. DC-DC Converter
• The traction battery pack delivers a constant
voltage. But different components of the
vehicle has different requirements.
• The DC-DC convertor distributes the output
power that is coming from the battery to a
required level.
• It also provides the voltage required to charge
the auxiliary battery.
 Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
• 3.Electric motor
• Electric traction motor is the main component of an
electric vehicle.
• The motor converts the electrical energy into kinetic
energy.
• This energy rotates the wheels. Electric motor is the
main component that differentiates an electric car from
conventional cars.
• An important feature of an electric motor is the
regenerative braking mechanism.
• This mechanism slows down the vehicle by converting
its kinetic energy into another form, and storing it for
future use.
• There are basically two types of motors DC and AC
motors.
 Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
• Power Inverter
• It coverts DC power from the batteries to AC
power. It also converts the AC current
generated during regenerative braking into
DC current.
• This is further used to recharge the batteries.
The inverter can change the speed of the
motor.
 Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
• 5. Charge Port
• The charge port connects the electric vehicle
to an external supply. It charges the battery
pack. The charge port is sometimes located in
the front or rear part of the vehicle.
• 6.Onboard charger
• Onboard charger is used to convert the AC
supply received from the charge port to DC
supply. The on-board charger is located and
installed inside the car. It monitors various
battery characteristics and controls the
current flowing inside the battery pack.
Basic principles and operation of electric vehicles
• 7.Controller
• Power electronics controller determines the working of
an electric car.
• It performs the regulation of electrical energy from the
batteries to the electric motors.
• The pedal set by the driver determines the speed of
the car and frequency of variation of voltage that is
input to the motor. It also controls the torque
produced.
• 8.Auxiliary batteries
• Auxiliary batteries are the source of electrical energy
for the accessories in electric vehicles. In the absence
of the main battery, the auxiliary batteries will continue
to charge the car. It prevents the voltage drop,
produced during engine start from affecting the
electrical system.
 Configuration Of Electric Vehicles

• Previously, the EV was mainly converted from the existing ICEV by

replacing the internal combustion engine and fuel tank with an electric
motor drive and battery pack while retaining all the other components,
as shown below
• Drawbacks such as its heavy weight, lower flexibility, and Performance
degradation have caused the use of this type of EV to fade out.
Configuration Of Electric Vehicles
 Configuration Of Electric Vehicles

• In its place, the modern EV is built based on original body and frame
designs. This satisfies the structure requirements unique to EVs and
makes use of the greater flexibility of electric propulsion.
• A modern electric drive train is conceptually illustrated in above
Figure.
• The drive train consists of three major subsystems:
1. electric motor propulsion,
2. energy source, and
3. Auxiliary
 Configuration Of Electric Vehicles

1. The electric propulsion subsystem is comprised of a vehicle

controller, power electronic converter, electric motor, mechanical
transmission, and driving wheels.

2. The energy source subsystem involves the energy source, the

energy management unit, and the energy refueling unit.

3. The auxiliary subsystem consists of the power steering unit, the

hotel climate control unit, and the auxiliary supply unit.
 Configuration Of Electric Vehicles

• Based on the control inputs from the accelerator and brake pedals,
the vehicle controller provides proper control signals to the electronic
power converter, which functions to regulate the power flow between
the electric motor and energy source.
• The backward power flow is due to the regenerative braking of the EV
and this regenerated energy can be restored to the energy source,
provided the energy source is receptive.
 Configuration Of Electric Vehicles

• Most EV batteries as well as ultra capacitors and flywheels readily

possess the ability to accept regenerated energy.
• The energy management unit cooperates with the vehicle controller
to control the regenerative braking and its energy recovery.
• It also works with the energy refueling unit to control the refueling
unit, and to monitor the usability of the energy source.
• The auxiliary power supply provides the necessary power at different
voltage levels for all the EV auxiliaries, especially the hotel climate
control and power steering units.
 There are a variety of possible EV configurations due to the variations in electric propulsion characteristics and energy sources, as shown in below

• (a) Figure (a) shows the configuration of the

first alternative, in which an electric
propulsion replaces the IC engine of a
conventional vehicle drive train.
• It consists of an electric motor, a clutch, a
gearbox, and a differential.
• The clutch and gearbox may be replaced by
automatic transmission.
• The clutch is used to connect or disconnect
the power of the electric motor from the
driven wheels.
• The gearbox provides a set of gear ratios to
modify the speed-power (torque) profile to
match the load requirement.
• The differential is a mechanical device
(usually a set of planetary gears), which
enables the wheels of both sides to be
driven at different speeds when the vehicle
runs along a curved path.
• (b) With an electric motor that has
constant power in a long speed
range a fixed gearing can replace
the multispeed gearbox and reduce
the need for a clutch.
• This configuration not only reduces
the size and weight of the
mechanical transmission, but also
simplifies the drive train control
because gear shifting is not needed.
• (c) Similar to the drive train in figure
(b), the electric motor, the fixed
gearing, and the differential can be
further integrated into a single
assembly while both axles point at
both driving wheels.
• The whole drive train is further
simplified and compacted.
• (d) In Figure (d), the mechanical
differential is replaced by using two
traction motors.
• Each of them drives one side wheel
and operates at a different speed
when the vehicle is running along a
curved path.
• (e) In order to further simplify the
drive train, the traction motor can be
placed inside a wheel.
• This arrangement is the so-called in
wheel drive.
• A thin planetary gear set may be used
to reduce the motor speed and
enhance the motor torque.
• The thin planetary gear set offers the
advantage of a high-speed reduction
ratio as well as an inline arrangement
of the input and output shaft.
• (f) By fully abandoning any mechanical
gearing between the electric motor
and the driving wheel, the out-rotor of
a low-speed electric motor in the in-
wheel drive can be directly connected
to the driving wheel.
• The speed control of the electric
motor is equivalent to the control of
the wheel speed and hence the
vehicle speed.
• However, this arrangement requires
the electric motor to have a higher
torque to start and accelerate the
vehicle.
 Classification of vehicles
• Automobiles can be classified in several ways based on their nature,
behavior, load capacity, design, and more. I have mentioned below
some the most important categorization of Automobile.
Based on the purpose of the vehicle.
Based on the load capacity of the vehicle.
Based on the fuel used by the vehicle.
Based on the number of wheels the vehicle has.
Based on the suspension system of the vehicle.
Based on the driving end of the vehicle.
Based on the engine location.
Based on the transmission system of the vehicle.
Based on the body system of the vehicle.
 Electric vehicles
• A vehicle is propelled with electric motors and draw power from onboard electric source is an electric vehicle.
• It is more durable and mechanically simpler than gasoline vehicle.
• It gives more fuel efficiency than gasoline because it does not produce emission like Internal combustion
engine.
• The concept of the battery electric vehicle (EV) is essentially simple and is shown in Figure below.
Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains
• The architecture of a hybrid vehicle is loosely defined as the connection
between the components that define the energy flow routes and control
ports.
• Traditionally, HEVs were classified into two basic types:
1. Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle and
2. Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle .
• It is interesting to note that, in 2000, some newly introduced HEVs could
not be classified into these kinds.
• Therefore, HEVs are now classified into four kinds:
1. series hybrid
2. parallel hybrid
3. series–parallel hybrid, and
4. complex hybrid.
Hybrid electric vehicles
• Series hybrid electric drive trains potentially have the following operation
modes:
1. Pure electric mode: The engine is turned off and the vehicle is propelled
only by the batteries.

2. Pure engine mode: The vehicle traction power only comes from the engine-
generator, while the batteries neither supply nor draw any power from the
drive train. The electric machines serve as an electric transmission from the
engine to the driven wheels.

3. Hybrid mode: The traction power is drawn from both the engine generator
and the batteries.
4. Engine traction and battery charging mode: The engine-generator supplies
power to charge the batteries and to propel the vehicle.

5. Regenerative braking mode: The engine-generator is turned off and the

traction motor is operated as a generator. The power generated is used to
charge the batteries.

6. Battery charging mode: The traction motor receives no power and the
engine-generator charges the batteries.

7. Hybrid battery charging mode: Both the engine-generator and the traction
motor operate as generators to charge the batteries.
Fuel cell Vehicles
Honda FCX Clarity _As the vehicle uses a lithium ion battery working in conjunction
with the fuel cell it may also be described as a fuel cell electric battery hybrid.
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
• PHEV is a type of hybrid vehicle that both an ICE and a motor, often
called as series hybrid.
• This types of electric cars offers a choice of fuels. This type of electric
cars is powered by a conventional fuel (such as gasoline) or an
alternative fuel (such bio-diesel) and by a rechargeable battery pack.
• The battery can be charged up with electricity by plugging into an
electrical outlet or electric vehicle charging station (EVCS).
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
• PHEV typically can run in at least two modes:

• All-electric Mode, in which the motor and battery provide all the car’s
energy
• Hybrid Mode, in which both electricity and gasoline are employed.
• Some PHEVs can travel more than 70 miles on electricity alone.
 Architecture and Main Components of PHEV
• Components of PHEV
• Electric motor
• Engine
• Inverter
• Battery
• Fuel tank
• Control module
• Battery Charger (if onboard model)
 Working Principles of PHEV
• PHEVs typically start up in all-electric mode and operate on electricity
until their battery pack is depleted.
• Some models shift to hybrid mode when they reach highway cruising
speed, generally above 60 or 70 miles per hour.
• Once the battery is empty, the engine takes over and the vehicle
operates as a conventional, non-plug-in hybrid.
 Working Principles of PHEV
• In addition to plugging into an outside electric power source, PHEV
batteries can be charged by an internal combustion engine or
regenerative braking.
• During braking, the electric motor acts as a generator, using the
energy to charge the battery.
• The electric motor supplements the engine’s power; as a result,
smaller engines can be used, increasing the car’s fuel efficiency
without compromising performance.
 Performance of electric vehicles
• A vehicle’s driving performance is usually evaluated by its
acceleration time
maximum speed and
gradeability.
• In EV drive train design, proper motor power rating and transmission
parameters are the primary considerations to meet the performance
specification.
• The design of all these parameters depends mostly on the speed–
power (torque) characteristics of the traction motor.
 Traction Motor Characteristics
• Variable-speed electric motor
drives usually have the
characteristics shown in Figure.
• At the low-speed region (less than
the base speed as marked in
Figure), the motor has a constant
torque. In the high-speed region
(higher than the base speed), the
motor has a constant power.
• This characteristic is usually
represented by a speed ratio x,
defined as the ratio of its maximum
speed to its base speed.
 Traction Motor Characteristics
• In low-speed operations, voltage
supply to the motor increases with
the increase of the speed through the
electronic converter while the flux is
kept constant.
• At the point of base speed, the
voltage of the motor reaches the
source voltage.
• After the base speed, the motor
voltage is kept constant and the flux
is weakened, dropping hyperbolically
with increasing speed.
• Hence, its torque also drops
hyperbolically with increasing speed.
 Traction Motor Characteristics
• Figure shows the torque–speed
profiles of a 60 kW motor with
different speed ratios x (x=2, 4, and
6).
• It is clear that with a long constant
power region, the maximum torque
of the motor can be significantly
increased, and hence vehicle
acceleration and gradeability
performance can be improved and
the transmission can be simplified.
• However, each type of motor
inherently has its limited maximum
speed ratio.
• For example, a permanent magnet motor has a small x (2) because of
the difficulty of field weakening due to the presence of the permanent
magnet.

• Switched reluctance motors may achieve x6 and induction motors

about x4.
 Overview of communication in EVs

• Vehicle to Grid Communication,

• Vehicle to Vehicle Communications, and
• Grid to Vehicle Communication.
 Vehicle to Grid Communication
• According to a study by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the
growing demand from plug-in electric vehicles and many other
technologies that require electricity could increase the load on our
power grids by up to 38% by 2050.
• Power companies and government agencies are working hard to meet
this demand, but it’s a challenging task.
 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology
• Vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, technology is smart charging tech that allows
car batteries to give back to the power grid. In essence, it treats these
high-capacity batteries as not only tools to power EVs but backup
storage cells for the electrical grid.
• This type of setup uses bidirectional charging stations to push and pull
energy to and from connected vehicles based on the demand for
electricity at any given time. It’s part of a larger initiative known as
vehicle-grid integration. This extra energy can be used to power
houses, buildings and ultimately anything connected to the power
grid.
 How Does V2G Work?
• Although the basic concept of V2G charging sounds simple enough,
implementing it requires a complex suite of smart technology.
Charging stations must be equipped with software that communicates
with the central grid to assess overall system demand at any given
time.
• That software is based on simple technology that has been around for
a while now — think about the power companies that have been
offering off-peak usage rates for years.
• But V2G tech moves beyond merely assessing peak demand and
encouraging consumption at off-peak hours to actually pulling in
additional energy from connected vehicles when needed.
 Why V2G Is Important
• It Makes Power Distribution More Efficient
• Although the increased electrical demand generated by EVs is an
issue, the real challenge lies in how that demand ebbs and flows
throughout the day. If most EV drivers are plugged in during work
hours — the same time when energy demands for heating and
cooling, business needs, and more are at their highest — the system
can easily get overloaded.
• As mentioned before, one solution for this issue has been for power
companies to incentivize customers with lower rates for using power
at off-peak times. This balances out demand and eases the strain on
the system. With V2G technology, though, companies can expand
their capacity to meet peak demand.
 Why V2G Is Important
• It Expands Capacity for Renewable Energy Storage
• Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar play a critical role
in a sustainable economy. However, these sources are intermittent
and inconsistent. An efficient power grid must be able to capture
energy from them when it’s available and store it for distribution
when it’s needed.
• While existing systems can store up renewable energy as it comes in,
a surge in energy — say, high winds — can mean that the system
storage capacity maxes out, thus missing out on valuable energy.
Expanded storage through connected EV batteries provides more
room to capture this valuable energy.
 Why V2G Is Important
• It Reduces Energy Costs and Price Volatility
• All of the above benefits lead to another: cost stability. Much of the
price volatility for utilities comes down to simple supply and demand.
The more strain there is on the system, the more it can drive up costs.
When energy supply is better able to balance and meet demand, it
creates price stability.
Vehicle to Vehicle Communications
Vehicle to Vehicle Communications
Vehicle to Vehicle Communications
 Vehicle to Vehicle Communications
• Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V communication) is the
wireless transmission of data between motor vehicles.
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) charging facility. This will provide EV
customers with the option of charging their Electric vehicle anywhere
and anytime via V2V; Developers will send an electric vehicle to your
location for the same.
• Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication’s ability to wirelessly
exchange information about the speed and position of surrounding
vehicles shows great promise in helping to avoid crashes, ease traffic
congestion, and improve the environment. But the greatest benefits
can only be achieved when all vehicles can communicate with each
other.
 Vehicle to Vehicle Communications
• The popularization of the Electric Vehicle (EV) is restrained by the stagnation
of energy storage technology and inadequate plug-in charging stations.
• vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging technology can achieve wireless charging
working in harmony with plug-in charging technology, or operate
independently.
• V2V charging technology can effectively solve the problem of the limited
number of plug-in stations.
• Moreover, it can charge the car any-time, anywhere, like a power bank.
• V2V charging system design requires a number of technical challenges to be
overcome including the power balancing between vehicles and charging
circuit design to maximizing the power transfer efficiency.
• V2V charging technology can be used in both wireless charging systems and
plug-in charging systems
Grid to Vehicle Communication
Grid to Vehicle Communication
Grid to Vehicle Communication
 RENEWABLE BASED EV CHARGING STATION

Grid

Schematic diagram
Generalized block diagram

11/14/2023