Chapter 1: Overview of Database

Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Define each of the following key terms: data,
information, data processing database and DBMS
2. Discuss conventional file processing system and its
limitations
3. Discuss the concepts of database and DBMS
4. Future trends and technologies
5. Explain different database users
1.1 Introduction
 A database is a shared collection of related data used to
support the activities of a particular organization.
 Databases are designed to meet the information needs
of an organization.
Basic components of a Database system
1.2 Data vs. Information
 Data: Collected facts about a topic or item. A Raw fact unorganized and unstructured.

Ahmed SOHAR 16J45871

16S12546 Mohamed 99784555
NIZWA 9856321 Shehab
99568956 24S78541 SUR

 Information: The result of combining, comparing, and performing calculations on

data.
STUDENT_ID NAME ADDRESS PHONE
16S12546 Ahmed NIZWA 99568956
24S78541 Mohamed SOHAR 9856321
16J45871 Shehab SUR 99784555
Data : Raw facts, unorganized, unstructured
Information: data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or
presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are called information
1.3 Traditional file system concepts
 File Management System, or file system is a software
that manages the data files in a computer system
(derives).
 Each file is independent of other file and data in the
different file is integrated by writing an individual
program for each application.
A file Based System for a College
Disadvantages of File System
 Data Redundancy is (high): Data redundancy refers to the
duplication of data.
 Program-Data Dependency is (high):Change in the data file
structure would lead to change in application programs that
access a given file.
 Data Integrity Problems: Change in the constraint on data
item in a data file need to change in all the application
programs accessing data file.
 Concurrent Access Anomalies: Concurrent access is the
ability to allow multiple user access to the same record at
the same time.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Traditional File System
Advantages of Traditional File Disadvantages of Traditional File System
System
Simple to use. Data redundancy
Less complex. Data inconsistency
Minimal investment Limited data sharing
No requirement of the specialist The problem with security.
Time-consuming.
Data dependence
Inefficient to maintain the record of the big firm having a
large number of items.
1.4 Current Technologies and Trends.
 Industry 4.0 refers to a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that
focuses heavily on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning,
and real-time data.
 Industry 4.0, referred to:
• IoT
• IIoT
• Big Data
• Artificial intelligence
• Cloud computing
IoT
IoT: stands for Internet of Things, a concept that refers to connections between physical
objects like sensors or machines and the Internet.
Examples of IoT Devices:
• Home Security. The key driver behind smart and secure homes is IoT.
• Activity Trackers. Smart home security cameras provide alerts and peace of mind.
• Industrial Security and Safety.
• Augmented Reality Glasses.
• Motion Detection
IIoT
IIoT stands for the Industrial Internet of Things, a concept that refers to the
connections between people, data, and machines as they relate to manufacturing.
 IIoT vs IoT
Basis IoT IIoT
Utility It is mainly designated for individual It is used in a commercial that is
customers, which can be used in homes industries.
and offices.

Security Security is not an issue in IoT in Security is major concern in IIoT as

comparison to IIoT, as it does not include include organizations and business
handling industrial processes. at large scale.

Degree of It uses application with low-risk impact Its uses more sensitive and precise
Application sensors

Cost It is less expensive as the technology of It is more expensive in comparison

IoT has been introduced by various to IoT as it has sensitive devices and
companies industrial applications.
 Big Data
 Big data: Big data refers to large sets of structured or unstructured data that
can be compiled, stored, organized., and analyzed to reveal patterns, trends,
associations, and opportunities.
Artificial intelligence (AI):
 Artificial intelligence is a concept that refers to a computer’s ability to perform tasks
and make decisions that would historically require some level of human intelligence.
 Example: Google Maps, Face Detection and recognition, E- Payment.
Cloud computing:
 Cloud computing refers to the practice of using interconnected remote servers
hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process information.
1.5 Database & DBMS Concepts
 A database can be viewed as a repository of data that is defined
once and then accessed by various users.
Why Do I Need a Database Solution? To manage the
following:
 Multiple users
 Multiple components/data items
DBMS Concepts … ctd
 A database management system (DBMS) is software that controls the storage,
organization, and retrieval of data.
 It is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain databases and
control all access to them.
 The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and
efficient for users to retrieve and store information.
Advantages of Database Approach
 Reduced Data Redundancy.
Ideally each data item is stored in only one place in the database.
 Program-Data dependence (low): data structure (meta data) is stored
in the system catalogue ;therefore, one change is all that is needed to
change the structure of a file
 Enforcing Integrity Constraints
Ability to define and enforce certain constraints to ensure that users
enter valid information and maintain data integrity.
 Concurrent Access : allow many users to access to the same data at
the same time. The DBMS includes concurrency control subsystem to
ensure that several users trying to update the same data do so in a
controlled manner.
1.8 File System vs. Database system
File System Database System

Easy-to-use system to store general files Database management system is used

which require less security and constraints when security constraints are high.

Data Redundancy is high Data Redundancy is low

Data Inconsistency is high Data Inconsistency is low

Security is low Security is high

FS stores unstructured data as isolated DBS stores structured data which have
data files/entities. well defined constraints and interrelation.
1.6 Database Users
 End Users
 Who access the database from the terminal end.
 They use the developed applications and they don’t have any knowledge
about the design and working of database.
 Database Designers
 Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints,
 and functions or transactions against the database.
 They must communicate with the end-users and understand
their needs.

 Application Programmers
 These users implement specific application programs to access
the stored data. They must be familiar with the DBMSs to accomplish
their task.
Database Users..ctd
 Database Administrators (DBA)
 DBA can be a single person or it can be a group of person.
 Database Administrator is responsible for everything that is
 related to database.
 DBA’s are responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
 coordinating and monitoring its use, controlling its use and
 monitoring efficiency of operations.
 DBA is responsible for:
 Deciding the instances for the database.
 Defining the Schema
 Communicating with Users
 Define Security
 Back-up and Recovery
Thank You