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    Photoelectric Effect

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    Salman Arshad
    The photoelectric effect occurs when light of sufficient frequency falls on a metal surface, causing electrons to be emitted. Einstein explained this effect by proposing that light exists in discrete quantized energy packets called photons. When a photon's energy exceeds the metal's work function, it transfers its full energy to an electron, ejecting it from the metal. The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the photon's frequency, not its intensity, contradicting classical wave theory. Einstein's photon theory successfully explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

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    Photoelectric Effect

    Uploaded by

    Salman Arshad
    37 views10 pages
    The photoelectric effect occurs when light of sufficient frequency falls on a metal surface, causing electrons to be emitted. Einstein explained this effect by proposing that light exists in discrete quantized energy packets called photons. When a photon's energy exceeds the metal's work function, it transfers its full energy to an electron, ejecting it from the metal. The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the photon's frequency, not its intensity, contradicting classical wave theory. Einstein's photon theory successfully explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

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    photoelectric effect

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    The photoelectric effect occurs when light of sufficient frequency falls on a metal surface, causing electrons to be emitted. Einstein explained this effect by proposing that light exists in discrete quantized energy packets called photons. When a photon's energy exceeds the metal's work function, it transfers its full energy to an electron, ejecting it from the metal. The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the photon's frequency, not its intensity, contradicting classical wave theory. Einstein's photon theory successfully explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views10 pages

    Photoelectric Effect

    Uploaded by

    Salman Arshad
    The photoelectric effect occurs when light of sufficient frequency falls on a metal surface, causing electrons to be emitted. Einstein explained this effect by proposing that light exists in discrete quantized energy packets called photons. When a photon's energy exceeds the metal's work function, it transfers its full energy to an electron, ejecting it from the metal. The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the photon's frequency, not its intensity, contradicting classical wave theory. Einstein's photon theory successfully explained all experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

    • Photoelectric effect is the phenomenon of


    emission of electrons from a metal surface
    and a light of suitable frequency falls over this
    surface.
    The electrons which are given out are called
    photoelectrons.
    Experimental Observations
    The experimental observations of
    photoelectric effect are:
    1) Photo electrons are emitted instantaneously
    as soon as the radiation is incident
    2) Photo electric emission occurs only if the
    frequency of the incident radiation is greater
    than a certain value called Threshold
    frequency.
    Experimental Observations

    3) The kinetic energy acquired by photo electrons is


    directly proportional to the frequency of the
    incident radiation and is independent of the
    intensity.
    4) The number of photoelectrons emitted depends
    on the intensity of the incident radiation and is
    independent of the frequency.
    Einstien’s Contributions towards the Photoelectric Effect

    After continuous research in this field, the


    explanation for the photoelectric effect was
    successfully explained by Albert Einstein.
    He concluded that this effect occurred as a
    result of light energy being carried in discrete
    quantized packets.
    When light in the form of photon fall on metal
    surface then each photon transfer its energy
    to electrons.
    The minimum energy required for a electron to come out
    its metal surface is called work function denoted by ϕ.
    ϕ= hv0 here v0 is threshold frequency

    The rest of energy is carried by electron as K.E.


    Since the energy of photon is ‘hv’ then
    hv = ϕ + K.E
    This equation is known as Einstine equation of
    photoelectric effect.
    Failure of classical wave theory
    Three major features of photo electric effect cannot be
    explained in wave theory of light.
    • INTENSITY PROBLEM:
    Wave theory requires that the oscillating electric field
    of light waves increases in amplitude as the intensity of
    beam is increased. Since the force applied to electron
    eE, this shows that K.E of photoelectron should also
    increase as the light beam is made more intense.
    However experiments show that Kmax is independent of
    intensity.
    • FREQUENCY PROBLEM :
    According to wave theory photo electric effect
    should take place for all frequencies provided the
    intensity of light is sufficient to supply necessary
    energy to the electron for its emission.
    However, experiments on photoelectric effect reveal
    that for every metal there exists a frequency
    ν0 (depending on the nature of metal) below which
    no photo electric emission takes place how intense
    the light be.
    • TIME DELAY PROBLEM :
    As energy in a wave is spread over the wave
    front, it will be absorbed by all the electrons to
    accumulate sufficient energy for their emission
    from the metal and so according to wave theory
    there must be a measurable time delay between
    incidence of light and emission of electrons.
    However no such time lag has ever been
    detected experimentally.
    • Above all clearly shows that photo electric
    effect and its characteristics can not be
    accounted on the basis of wave theory of
    light.

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