NORMS AND

BASIC
STATISTICS
FOR TESTING
REGINE R VILLAGONZALO, RPM
A D VA N C E D P S Y C H O L O G I C A L
ASSESSMENT
OUTLINE
 Why we need Statistics?  Describing Distribution
 Scales of Measurement I. Mean
II. Standard Deviation
 Properties of Scale III. Z score
 Types of Scale IV. Standard Normal
Distribution
 Permissible Operation
V. MC Call’s T
 Frequency Distribution VI. Quartile
 Percentile Ranks VII. Decile

 Percentile
 Norms
 A. WHY WE NEED STATISTICS?
To describe a set of data (descriptive statistics)
A methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of
quantitative information.
To make inferences (inferential statistics)
 A methods used to make inferences from observations of a small
group of people known as sample to a large group of individual
known as population.
 B. SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
 Measurement

The process of applying numbers to objects according to a set of rules.

 Rules

The specific procedures used to transform qualities of attributes into numbers.

PROPERTIES OF SCALE
 IDENTITY
Each value or number has a particular meaning.
 Magnitude
Means that each number have an inherent order from smaller to larger.
Ex. John is taller than Fred
 Equal intervals
Means that the difference between numbers (units) anywhere on the scale is the same
• Ex. Difference between inch 2 and inch 4 on a ruler means the same as the difference between inch 10 and
inch 12.
• Absolute 0
Means that the zero point represents the absence of the property being measured.
TYPES OF SCALE
• Nominal Scales
Scale used for labelling/naming a variable/object.
Ex. Race/ethnicity, sex/gender
• Ordinal Scales
Scale that measures the magnitude but not equal interval or an absolute 0.
• Interval Scales
Scale that has properties of magnitude and equal interval but no absolute zero.
• Ratio Scale
Is a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between
neighboring points. Unlike on an interval scale, a zero on a ratio scale means there is a
total absence of the variable you are measuring.
 PERMISSIBLE OPERATION
Level of measurement is important because it defines which mathematical
operations we can apply to numerical data.
For nominal data, each observation can be placed in only one mutually
exclusive category.
Ordinal Measurements can be manipulated using arithmetic; however, the
result is often difficult to interpret because it reflects neither the magnitudes of the
manipulated observations nor the true amounts of the property that have been
measured.
With interval data, one can apply any arithmetic operation to the differences
between scores. The results can be interpreted in relation to the magnitudes of the
underlying property. However, interval data cannot be used to make statements about
ratios.
C. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Displays scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how
frequently each value was obtained. With a frequency distribution, one
defines all the possible scores and determine how many people
obtained each of those scores.
D. PERCENTILE RANKS
Replace scores that falls below a particular score.
Steps:
1. Determine how many cases simple ranks when we want to adjust for the number
of scores in a group. It is the percent of fall below the score of interest.
(Arrange the numbers/scores in ascending order)
2. Determine how many cases are in a group.
3. Divide the number of cases below the score of interest
4. Multiply the result of step 3 by 100.
E. PERCENTILE
Specific score or points within a distribution.
Percentile divide the total frequency for a set of
observation into hundredths.
FOR EXAMPLE
F. DESCRIBING DISTRIBUTIONS
MEAN
• Average score in a distribution. To calculate the mean, we
total the scores and divide the sum by the number of
cases or N.
 STANDARD DEVIATION
Average amount of variability
in the dataset. It shows, on average,
how far each value lies from the
mean.
Higher Standard deviation
means that values are generally far
from the mean.
Low Standard deviation
indicates that values are clustered
close to the mean.
Z SCORE
Determine the proportion of the total area greater than, in between, or
less than an empirical value.
It transforms data into standardized unit that are easier to interpret.
It is the difference between a score and the mean, divided by the
standard deviation units. If a score is equal to the mean, then its Z score is 0.
If the Z score is greater than the mean then the Z score is Positive; if the
Z score is less than the mean, then the Z score is Negative.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Data is symmetrically distributed with no skew. It is commonly called, bell
curve/normal curve.
Also known as Symmetrical binominal probability distribution.
 MC CALL’S T (T-SCORE)
The Standard deviation was set at 10 instead of 1 and
the mean is 50 rather than 0.
Thus, Z score can be transformed to a T score by
applying the linear transformation.
QUARTILE
Are points that divide the frequency distribution into
equal fourths.
The First Quartile (Q1 )is the 25th percentile; the second quartile (Q2) is median or 50th
percentile, and the third quartile (Q3) is the 75 percentile .
Interquartile range – is the interval of scores bounded by the 25th and 75th . The range of
scores that represents the middle 50% of the distribution.
QUARTILE
DECILE
Ten groups divided equally according to the distribution of
values of a variable. The point of intervals is 10% rather than
25%,
NORMS
Refers to the performance by defined groups on particular
tests.
The Norms for the test are based on the distribution of scores
obtained by some defined sample of individual.
The mean is a norm and 50th percentile is a norm.
Norms are used to give information about performance
relative to what has been observed in a standardization
sample.
NORMS
• The purpose of establishing norms for a test is to determine how a test taker
compares with other.
• Age-Related Norms
• Certain tests have different normative groups for particular age groups.
Tracking – tendency to stay at about the same level relative to ones’ peer.
• Norm-referenced test
• Compares each person with a norm.
• Criterion-referenced test
• Describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate
such as mathematical skills.
REFERENCES
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbkzkKVPqdI&t=170s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_VyAKd4OhE
• https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/rizal-technological-university/bs-psy
chology/norms-basic-statistics-for-testing/5285763
• https://www.slideserve.com/ulf/norms-and-basic-statistics
• https://www.powershow.com/view1/20867a-ZDc1Z/Test_Norms_and_Basic
_Statistics_powerpoint_ppt_presentation
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyVI8IfgMts
• Kaplan, M.R & Saccuzzo, PD (2009). Psychological Testing Principles,
Application, and Issues. Wadsworth Cengage Learning,2, 25-63.