OPERATING SYSTEM

LESSON 1
HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 The First Generation (1945-55)

 The Second Generation (1955-65)
 The Third Generation (1965-1980)
 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present)

2
1.THE FIRST GENERATION (1945-55)
 Around the mid-1940s (about World War II), it is
succeeded to build calculating engines. The first ones
used mechanical relays but were very slow, with cycle
times measured in seconds. Relays were later replaced
by vacuum tubes.

 These machines were enormous, filling up entire rooms

with tens of thousands of vacuum tubes, but they were
still millions of times slower than even the cheapest
personal computers available today.

3
 All programming was done in absolute machine
language, often by wiring up plugboards to control the
machine’s basic functions.

 Programming languages were unknown (even assembly

language was unknown).

 Operating systems also were unknown.

 By the early 1950s, punched cards are started to used. It

was now possible to write programs on cards and read
them in cards instead of using plugboards.
4
2. THE SECOND GENERATION (1955-65)
 The transistors are started to use in the middle1950s.
Machines are more reliable.
 There was a clear separation between designers, builders,
operators, programmers, and maintenance personnel.
 To run a job, a programmer would first write the
program on paper then punch it on cards. He would then
bring the card deck down to the input room and hand it
to one of the operators and go drink coffee until the
output was ready.
 Assembler and Fortran were started to be used for
programming punch cards.
5
 Much computer time was wasted while operators were
walking around the machine room.

 People quickly looked for ways to reduce the wasted

time. The solution adopted was the batch system. Batch
processing is execution of a series of programs ("jobs")
on a computer without manual intervention.

 The idea behind it was to collect full of jobs in a tape

then read them onto a magnetic tape. After finishing
process the results were writen in output tape.(Such as
the IBM 1401)
6
 After about an hour of collecting a batch of jobs, the tape
was brought into the machine room, where it was
mounted on a tape drive. The operator then loaded a
special program (ancestor of today’s operating system).
 After each job finished, the operating system
automatically read the next job from the tape and began
running it. When the whole batch was done and brought
the output tape to a 1401 for printing offline.

7
3. THE THIRD GENERATION (1965-1980)
 7094 was large-scale scientific computers which were used
for numerical calculations in science and engineering.
 On the other hand, 1401 was commercial computers which
were widely used for commercical works.
 Both of these machines are very huge and people need
small machines.
 IBM produced the System/360 to solve these problems.
 All the machines had the same architecture and instruction
set, programs written for one machine could run on all the
others.
 Furthermore, the 360 was designed to handle both
scientific and commercial computing. Thus a single family
8
of machines could satisfy the needs of all customers.
 The 360 was the first major computer in which is used
(small-scale) Integrated Circuits first.
 OS/360 is the operating system used in third generation
computers.
 Most of time along process, processor was idle and it
causes waste time (nearly %80 of total time).
 Multiprogramming is first used in OS/360.

9
 Another major feature present in third-generation
operating systems was the spooling (from Simultaneous
Peripheral Operation On Line) . Spooling refers to
putting jobs in a buffer, a special area in memory or on a
disk where a device can access them when it is ready
 Timesharing, a variant of multiprogramming, in which
each user has an online terminal.
 UNIX operating system, which became popular in the
academic world, with government agencies, and with
many companies.
 Most versions of UNIX now support POSIX which is an
IEEE developed a standard .
10
4. THE FOURTH GENERATION (1980-
PRESENT)
 The age of the personal computer started with the
development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits,
chips containing thousands of transistors on a square
centimeter of silicon.
 In 1974, when Intel came out with the 8080, the first
general-purpose 8-bit CPU and Kildall then wrote a disk-
based operating system called CP/M (Control Program
for Microcomputers) for it.
 In the early 1980s, IBM designed the IBM PC and
looked around for software to run on it. People from
IBM contacted Bill Gates to license his BASIC
interpreter. They also asked him if he knew an operating
system to run on the PC. 11
 When IBM came back, Gates realized that a local
computer manufacturer, Seattle Computer Products, had
a suitable operating system. DOS (Disk Operating
System). Gates then offered IBM a DOS/BASIC
package which IBM accepted. IBM wanted certain
modifications, so Gates hired the person who wrote
DOS, Tim Paterson, as an employee of Gates’ small!!!
company (Microsoft). The revised system was renamed
MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operating System) and
quickly came to dominate the IBM PC market.
 CP/M, MS-DOS, and other operating systems for early
microcomputers were all based on users typing in
commands from the keyboard.

12
 One day, Steve Jobs, who co-invented the Apple
computer in his garage, visited PARC, saw a GUI, and
instantly realized its potential value. Jobs then embarked
on building an Apple with a GUI. This project produced
Lisa, which was too expensive and failed commercially.
Jobs’ second attempt, the Apple Macintosh, was a huge
success, not only because it was much cheaper than the
Lisa, but also because it was user friendly.

13
 Microsoft was strongly influenced by the success of the
Macintosh. It produced a GUI-based system called
Windows, which originally ran on top of MS-DOS (i.e..
it was more like a shell than a true operating system).
For about 10 years, from 1985 to 1993, Windows was
just a graphical environment on top of MS-DOS.
 In the starting in 1995 a freestanding version of
Windows, Windows 95, was released that incorporated
many operating system features into it, using the MS-
DOS system only for booting and running old MS-DOS
programs,
 In 1998, a slightly modified version of this system,
called Windows 98 was released. Nevertheless, both
Windows 95 and Windows 98 still contain a large 14

amount of 16-bit Intel assembly language.

 Another Microsoft operating system is Windows NT (NT
stands for New Technology) which is a full 32-bit
system.
 Windows NT was renamed Windows 2000 in early 1999.
Microsoft came out with yet another version of Windows
98 called Windows Me (Millennium edition).
 Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, …….

 The other major OS in the personal computer world is

UNIX (and its various derivatives). UNIX is strongest on
workstations and other high-end computers, such as
network servers. On Pentium-based computers, Linux is
becoming a popular alternative to Windows for students
and increasingly many corporate users.
15
 OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES

1.MAİNFRAME OPERATİNG SYSTEMS

 These computers distinguish themselves from personal
computers in terms of their I/O capacity. A mainframe
with 1000 disks and thousands of gigabytes of data.
 The operating systems for mainframes are heavily
oriented toward processing many jobs at once.

16
 2. SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS

 They run on servers, which are either very large personal

computers, workstations, or even mainframes.
 They serve multiple users at once over a network and
allow the users to share hardware and software
resources.
 Servers can provide print service, file service, or Web
service. Internet providers run many server machines to
support their customers to store the Web sites and handle
the incoming requests.
 Typical server operating systems are UNIX and
Windows 2000.
17
3. PERSONAL COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS
 The next category is the personal computer operating
system.
 Their job is to provide a good interface to a single user.
They are widely used for word processing, spreadsheets,
and Internet access.
 Common examples are Windows 98, Windows 2000, the
Macintosh operating system, and Linux.
 Personal computer operating systems are so widely
known that probably little introduction is needed. In fact,
many people are not even aware that other kinds exist.

18
4. REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS
 Time is key parameter in this system. For example, in
industrial process control systems, real-time computers
have to collect data about the production process and use
it to control machines in the factory.
 Often there are hard deadlines .If the action absolutely
must occur at a certain moment (or within a certain
range), we have a hard real-time system. A soft real-
time system, in which missing an occasional deadline is
acceptable.
 VxWorks and QNX are well-known real-time operating
systems.
19
5. EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS
 PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) is a small computer
that fits in a shirt pocket and performs a small number of
functions .
 Embedded systems run on the computers that control
devices that are not generally thought of as computers,
such as TV sets, microwave ovens, and mobile
telephones.
 Examples of such operating systems are PalmOS and
Windows CE (Consumer Electronics).

20
QUESTIONS ???

21